Aristotle · EN

Nicomachean Ethics

Ἠθικὰ Νικομάχεια

Aristotle’s central work of moral philosophy, in ten books.

This edition presents the original Greek (Bywater (OCT, 1894)) side by side with English translations (H. Rackham, W. D. Ross, Martin Ostwald) — with click-to-parse morphology, dictionary entries, and exact Bekker citation. 10 books, 116 chapters.

Read this work

• Rackham Greek & English · H. Rackham (Loeb, 1926)
• Ross Greek & English · W. D. Ross (Oxford, 1908)
• Ostwald Greek & English · Martin Ostwald (Bobbs-Merrill, 1962)
• Glossary of Technical Terms Ostwald’s Greek–English term glossary

Books

• Book I 13 chapters · 1094a1–1103a10
• Book II 9 chapters · 1103a14–1109b26
• Book III 12 chapters · 1109b30–1119b18
• Book IV 9 chapters · 1119b22–35
• Book V 11 chapters · 1129a3–1138b14
• Book VI 13 chapters · 1138b18–1145a11
• Book VII 14 chapters · 1145a15–1154b34
• Book VIII 14 chapters · 1155a3–1163b28
• Book IX 12 chapters · 1163b32–1172a15
• Book X 9 chapters · 1172a19–1181b23

Greek text & translations

Greek: Ingram Bywater, ed. Aristotelis Ethica Nicomachea. Oxford: Clarendon Press (Oxford Classical Texts), 1894; repr. 1962.
Translations: H. Rackham (Loeb, 1926); W. D. Ross (Oxford, 1908); Martin Ostwald (Bobbs-Merrill, 1962).
Full source and licence details are on the Texts & Licences page.

In print

Modern, copyright-protected translations and commentaries we can’t host here, for readers who want to go further:

• TranslationRoger Crisp, Nicomachean Ethics (Cambridge University Press, rev. ed. 2014) Find in print →
• TranslationTerence Irwin, Nicomachean Ethics (Hackett, 3rd ed. 2019) Find in print →
• TranslationHippocrates G. Apostle, Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (The Peripatetic Press, 1975) Find in print →
• TranslationC. D. C. Reeve, trans., in Aristotle: The Complete Works, 2 vols. (Hackett, 2024) Find in print →
• CommentarySarah Broadie & Christopher Rowe, Nicomachean Ethics: Translation, Introduction, and Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2002) Find in print →

Prefer a paper copy? These in-print editions carry the translation read here (or a revision of it):

• In printH. Rackham, Nicomachean Ethics, Loeb Classical Library 73 (Harvard University Press) — the print edition of the translation read here Find in print →
• In printW. D. Ross’s translation, found in Richard McKeon, ed., The Basic Works of Aristotle (Random House, 1941; repr. Modern Library, 2001) Find in print →
• In printW. D. Ross’s translation, revised, found in Jonathan Barnes, ed., The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, 2 vols. (Princeton University Press, 1984) Find in print →

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