Texts & Licences

This reader presents Greek texts, English translations, and reference works compiled from public-domain editions and openly licensed sources. Their sources and licence terms are listed below.

Greek Lexicon (LSJ) CC BY-SA 3.0

The word popups and lemma entries are drawn from the Greek–English Lexicon of Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott, revised by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 9th ed. 1940; supplement 1996).

The machine-readable edition used here is the XML transcription prepared by the Perseus Digital Library at Tufts University and is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States licence.

Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented by Henry Stuart Jones. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940. Machine-readable version: Perseus Digital Library, Trustees of Tufts University. CC BY-SA 3.0 US.

The CC BY-SA licence requires that any derivative work be distributed under the same terms. This application's lexical data is a subset and derivative of that work; users who redistribute it must carry this attribution notice and the same CC BY-SA licence.

English Translations Public Domain & archival

Each work carries one or more freely available scholarly translations, listed below in the order they appear in the reader's translation picker. This list is generated directly from the corpus registry, so it always matches what the reader actually carries.

Categories
- E. M. Edghill (Oxford, 1928)
- Thomas Taylor (London, 1812)
- O. F. Owen (Bohn, 1853)
De Interpretatione
- E. M. Edghill (Oxford, 1928)
- Thomas Taylor (London, 1812)
- O. F. Owen (Bohn, 1853)
Isagoge
- O. F. Owen (Bohn, 1853)
Physics
- R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye (Oxford, 1930)
On the Heavens
- J. L. Stocks (Oxford, 1922)
On Generation and Corruption
- H. H. Joachim (Oxford, 1922)
Meteorology
- E. W. Webster (Oxford, 1923)
De Anima
- J. A. Smith (Oxford, 1931)
- Edwin Wallace (Cambridge, 1882)
Sense and Sensibilia
- J. I. Beare (Oxford, 1908)
On Memory
- J. I. Beare (Oxford, 1908)
On Sleep
- J. I. Beare (Oxford, 1908)
On Dreams
- J. I. Beare (Oxford, 1908)
On Divination in Sleep
- J. I. Beare (Oxford, 1908)
On Length and Shortness of Life
- G. R. T. Ross (Oxford, 1908)
On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration
- G. R. T. Ross (Oxford, 1908)
History of Animals
- D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson (Oxford, 1910)
Parts of Animals
- William Ogle (Oxford, 1912)
Movement of Animals
- A. S. L. Farquharson (Oxford, 1912)
Progression of Animals
- A. S. L. Farquharson (Oxford, 1912)
Generation of Animals
- Arthur Platt (Oxford, 1910)
Metaphysics
- W. D. Ross (Oxford, 1924)
Prior Analytics
- A. J. Jenkinson (Oxford, 1928)
- O. F. Owen (Bohn, 1853)
Posterior Analytics
- G. R. G. Mure (Oxford, 1928)
- E. S. Bouchier (Blackwell, 1901)
- O. F. Owen (Bohn, 1853)
Topics
- W. A. Pickard-Cambridge (Oxford, 1928)
- O. F. Owen (Bohn, 1853)
Sophistical Refutations
- W. A. Pickard-Cambridge (Oxford, 1928)
- O. F. Owen (Bohn, 1853)
Nicomachean Ethics
- H. Rackham (Loeb, 1926)
- W. D. Ross (Oxford, 1908)
- Martin Ostwald (Bobbs-Merrill, 1962)
- F. H. Peters (Kegan Paul, 1881)
Eudemian Ethics
- J. Solomon (Oxford, 1915)
Politics
- Benjamin Jowett (Oxford, 1885)
- William Ellis (1776; rev. 1912)
Oeconomica
- E. S. Forster (Oxford, 1920)
De Virtutibus et Vitiis
- J. Solomon (Oxford, 1915)
De Mundo
- E. S. Forster (Oxford, 1914)
Mechanica
- E. S. Forster (Oxford, 1913)
De Coloribus
- T. Loveday and E. S. Forster (Oxford, 1913)
Physiognomonica
- T. Loveday and E. S. Forster (Oxford, 1913)
De Melisso Xenophane Gorgia
- T. Loveday and E. S. Forster (Oxford, 1913)
De Audibilibus
- T. Loveday and E. S. Forster (Oxford, 1913)
De Lineis Insecabilibus
- H. H. Joachim (Oxford, 1908)
Ventorum Situs
- E. S. Forster (Oxford, 1913)
De Mirabilibus Auscultationibus
- L. D. Dowdall (Oxford, 1909)
Rhetoric
- J. H. Freese (Loeb, 1926)
- W. Rhys Roberts (Oxford, 1924)
Poetics
- W. H. Fyfe (Loeb, 1932)
- S. H. Butcher (Macmillan, 1895)

Translations are reproduced from public-domain editions and freely available scholarly archives; machine-readable texts derive from the Perseus Digital Library and the Internet Classics Archive. If you hold rights to any text shown here and wish it removed, please get in touch.

Bekker Line Numbers

Bekker numbers (e.g. 1094a1) are the standard way to cite Aristotle, keyed to Immanuel Bekker's 1831 Berlin edition. The Greek text here is lineated to that edition, so its line numbers are exact and fixed.

The English translations do not themselves carry Bekker line numbers, and a translation rarely matches the Greek line for line. The numbers shown beside a translation are therefore aligned by this project, in two kinds:

Fixed (shown upright) — anchored to a definite point in the translation, whether a Bekker column boundary or a hand-keyed sentence; the number marks that exact place.
Approximate (shown in italic grey) — interpolated estimates that space the remaining line numbers proportionally between the fixed anchors. Treat them as a guide to the neighbourhood, not an exact citation.

For a precise citation, use the Greek line number (always exact) or a fixed (upright) number beside the translation.

Greek Text Public Domain

The Greek text of each work is lineated to Bekker. The scholarly print edition it follows is listed below.

Categories — L. Minio-Paluello, ed. Aristotelis categoriae et liber de interpretatione. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1949.
De Interpretatione — L. Minio-Paluello, ed. Aristotelis categoriae et liber de interpretatione. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1949.
Isagoge — A. Busse, ed. Porphyrii Isagoge et in Aristotelis Categorias commentarium. Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca IV.1. Berlin: Reimer, 1887.
Physics — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotelis Physica. Oxford: Clarendon Press (Oxford Classical Texts), 1950.
On the Heavens — P. Moraux, ed. Aristote: Du ciel. Paris: Les Belles Lettres (Budé), 1965.
On Generation and Corruption — H. H. Joachim, ed. Aristotle on Coming-to-be and Passing-away (De Generatione et Corruptione). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922.
Meteorology — F. H. Fobes, ed. Aristotelis meteorologicorum libri quattuor. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1919; repr. 1967.
De Anima — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotle, De Anima. Oxford: Clarendon Press (Oxford Classical Texts), 1956.
Sense and Sensibilia — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotle: Parva Naturalia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955; repr. 1970.
On Memory — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotle: Parva Naturalia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955; repr. 1970.
On Sleep — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotle: Parva Naturalia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955; repr. 1970.
On Dreams — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotle: Parva Naturalia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955; repr. 1970.
On Divination in Sleep — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotle: Parva Naturalia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955; repr. 1970.
On Length and Shortness of Life — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotle: Parva Naturalia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955; repr. 1970.
On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotle: Parva Naturalia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955; repr. 1970.
History of Animals — P. Louis, ed. Aristote: Histoire des animaux. 3 vols. Paris: Les Belles Lettres (Budé), 1964–69.
Parts of Animals — P. Louis, ed. Aristote: Les parties des animaux. Paris: Les Belles Lettres (Budé), 1956.
Movement of Animals — W. Jaeger, ed. Aristotelis de animalium motione et de animalium incessu. Leipzig: Teubner, 1913.
Progression of Animals — W. Jaeger, ed. Aristotelis de animalium motione et de animalium incessu. Leipzig: Teubner, 1913.
Generation of Animals — H. J. Drossaart Lulofs, ed. Aristotelis de generatione animalium. Oxford: Clarendon Press (Oxford Classical Texts), 1965; repr. 1972.
Metaphysics — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotle’s Metaphysics. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953.
Prior Analytics — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotelis analytica priora et posteriora. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.
Posterior Analytics — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotelis analytica priora et posteriora. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.
Topics — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotelis topica et sophistici elenchi. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958.
Sophistical Refutations — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotelis topica et sophistici elenchi. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958.
Nicomachean Ethics — Ingram Bywater, ed. Aristotelis Ethica Nicomachea. Oxford: Clarendon Press (Oxford Classical Texts), 1894; repr. 1962.
Eudemian Ethics — F. Susemihl, ed. Aristotelis ethica Eudemia. Leipzig: Teubner, 1884.
Politics — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotelis politica. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.
Oeconomica — F. Susemihl, ed. Aristotelis quae feruntur Oeconomica. Leipzig: Teubner, 1887.
De Virtutibus et Vitiis — I. Bekker, ed. Aristotelis opera. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1831.
De Mundo — I. Bekker, ed. Aristotelis opera. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1831.
Mechanica — I. Bekker, ed. Aristotelis opera. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1831.
De Coloribus — I. Bekker, ed. Aristotelis opera. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1831.
Physiognomonica — I. Bekker, ed. Aristotelis opera. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1831.
De Melisso Xenophane Gorgia — I. Bekker, ed. Aristotelis opera. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1831.
De Audibilibus — I. Bekker, ed. Aristotelis opera. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1831.
De Lineis Insecabilibus — I. Bekker, ed. Aristotelis opera. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1831.
Ventorum Situs — I. Bekker, ed. Aristotelis opera. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1831.
De Mirabilibus Auscultationibus — I. Bekker, ed. Aristotelis opera. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1831.
Rhetoric — W. D. Ross, ed. Aristotelis ars rhetorica. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.
Poetics — R. Kassel, ed. Aristotelis de arte poetica liber. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965; repr. 1968 [of 1966 corr. edn.].

Chapter divisions for De Anima follow the TEI markup of the Open Greek and Latin First1KGreek edition, aligned onto the Bekker-lineated Greek.

Morphological Data Open

Morphological analyses (lemma, gloss, grammatical parse) are produced by the Morpheus morphological analyser as distributed with Diogenes. See the Diogenes and Perseus project pages for applicable terms.

Application Code MIT

The pipeline and web application source code (Python and TypeScript/Svelte) are released under the MIT Licence. Data files derived from CC BY-SA sources are excluded from this grant and remain subject to CC BY-SA.

Site by John H. Boyer.

Texts and licences for the Aristotle Reader