Louis (Budé, 1964–69) · Thompson (1910)
Thompson (1910)
Greek line numbers are exact. The translations carry no Bekker numbers of their own, so those beside the English are aligned to the Greek: upright = fixed (anchored to this point in the text), italic grey = approximate (interpolated estimate).
Book 6,Chapter 1 (558b8–559a14)
558b
Αἱ μὲν οὖν τῶν ὄφεων καὶ τῶν ἐντόμων γενέσεις, ἔτι
δὲ τῶν τετραπόδων καὶ ᾠοτόκων, τοῦτον ἔχουσι τὸν τρόπον.
10 Οἱ δ' ὄρνιθες ᾠοτοκοῦσι μὲν ἅπαντες, ἡ δ' ὥρα τῆς ὀχείας
καὶ οἱ τόκοι οὐ πᾶσιν ὁμοίως ἔχουσιν. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ καὶ ὀχεύεται
καὶ τίκτει κατὰ πάντα τὸν χρόνον ὡς εἰπεῖν, οἷον ἀλεκτορὶς
καὶ περιστερά, ἡ μὲν ἀλεκτορὶς ὅλον τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν ἔξω
δύο μηνῶν τῶν ἐν τῷ χειμῶνι τροπικῶν. Πλῆθος δὲ τίκτουσιν
15 ἔνιαι καὶ τῶν γενναίων πρὸ ἐπῳασμοῦ καὶ ἑξήκοντα· καίτοι
ἧττον πολυτόκοι αἱ γενναῖαι τῶν ἀγεννῶν εἰσιν. Αἱ δ' Ἀδριαναὶ
ἀλεκτορίδες εἰσὶ μὲν μικραὶ τὸ μέγεθος, τίκτουσι δ'
ἀν' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν· εἰσὶ δὲ χαλεπαί, καὶ κτείνουσι τοὺς νεοττοὺς
πολλάκις· χρώματα δὲ παντοδαπὰ ἔχουσιν. Τίκτουσι δὲ
20 καὶ οἰκογενεῖς ἔνιαι δὶς τῆς ἡμέρας· ἤδη δέ τινες λίαν πολυτοκήσασαι
ἀπέθανον διὰ ταχέων. Αἱ μὲν οὖν ἀλεκτορίδες τίκτουσιν,
ὥσπερ εἴρηται, συνεχῶς· περιστερὰ δὲ καὶ φάττα
καὶ τρυγὼν καὶ οἰνὰς διτοκοῦσι μέν, ἀλλ' αἱ περιστεραὶ καὶ
δεκάκις τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ τίκτουσιν. Οἱ δὲ πλεῖστοι τῶν ὀρνίθων τίκτουσι
25 τὴν ἐαρινὴν ὥραν, καί εἰσιν οἱ μὲν πολύγονοι αὐτῶν,
πολύγονοι δὲ διχῶς, οἱ μὲν τῷ πολλάκις, ὥσπερ αἱ περιστεραί,
οἱ δὲ τῷ πολλά, ὥσπερ αἱ ἀλεκτορίδες. Τὰ δὲ γαμψώνυχα
πάντα ὀλιγόγονά ἐστιν, ἔξω κεγχρίδος· αὕτη δὲ
πλεῖστα τίκτει τῶν γαμψωνύχων. Ὦπται μὲν οὖν καὶ τέτταρα
30 ἤδη, τίκτει δὲ καὶ πλείω. Τίκτουσι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα ἐν
νεοττιαῖς, τὰ δὲ μὴ πτητικὰ ἐν νεοττιαῖς οὐδαμῶς, οἷον οἵ τε
So much for the generative processes in snakes and insects, and also in oviparous quadrupeds. Birds without exception lay eggs, but the 10pairing season and the times of parturition are not alike for all. Some birds couple and lay at almost any time in the year, as for instance the barn-door hen and the pigeon: the former of these coupling and laying during the entire year, with the exception of the month before and the month after the winter solstice. Some hens, even in 15the high breeds, lay a large quantity of eggs before brooding, amounting to as many as sixty; and, by the way, the higher breeds are less prolific than the inferior ones. The Adrian hens are small-sized, but they lay every day; they are cross-tempered, and often kill their chickens; they are of all colours. Some domesticated hens lay twice 20a day; indeed, instances have been known where hens, after exhibiting extreme fecundity, have died suddenly. Hens, then, lay eggs, as has been stated, at all times indiscriminately; the pigeon, the ring-dove, the turtle-dove, and the stock-dove lay twice a year, and the pigeon actually lays ten times a year. The great majority of birds 25lay during the spring-time. Some birds are prolific, and prolific in either of two ways-either by laying often, as the pigeon, or by laying many eggs at a sitting, as the barn-door hen. All birds of prey, or birds with crooked talons, are unprolific, except the kestrel: this bird is the most prolific of birds of prey; as many as four eggs 30have been observed in the nest, and occasionally it lays even more.
559a
1 πέρδικες καὶ οἱ ὄρτυγες, ἀλλ' ἐν τῇ γῇ, ἐπηλυγαζόμενα
ὕλην. Ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ κόρυδος καὶ τέτριξ. Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν
ὑπηνέμους ποιεῖται τὰς νεοττεύσεις· ὃν δ' οἱ Βοιωτοὶ καλοῦσιν
εἴροπα, εἰς τὰς ὀπὰς ἐν τῇ γῇ καταδυόμενος νεοττεύει μόνος.
5 Αἱ δὲ κίχλαι νεοττιὰν μὲν ποιοῦνται ὥσπερ αἱ χελιδόνες
ἐκ πηλοῦ ἐπὶ τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς τῶν δένδρων, ἐφεξῆς δὲ ποιοῦσιν
ἀλλήλαις καὶ ἐχομένας, ὥστ' εἶναι διὰ τὴν συνέχειαν
ὥσπερ ὁρμαθὸν νεοττιῶν. Ὁ δ' ἔποψ μόνος οὐ ποιεῖται νεοττιὰν
τῶν καθ' ἑαυτὰ νεοττευόντων, ἀλλ' εἰσδυόμενος εἰς τὰ
10 στελέχη ἐν τοῖς κοίλοις αὐτῶν τίκτει, οὐδὲν συμφορούμενος.
Ὁ δὲ κόραξ καὶ ἐν οἰκίᾳ νεοττεύει καὶ ἐν πέτραις. Ἡ
δὲ τέτριξ, ἣν καλοῦσιν Ἀθηναῖοι οὔραγα, οὔτ' ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς
νεοττεύει οὔτ' ἐπὶ τοῖς δένδρεσιν, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τοῖς χαμαιζήλοις
φυτοῖς.
1Birds in general lay their eggs in nests, but such as are disqualified for flight, as the partridge and the quail, do not lay them in nests but on the ground, and cover them over with loose material. The same is the case with the lark and the tetrix. These birds hatch in sheltered 5places; but the bird called merops in Boeotia, alone of all birds, burrows into holes in the ground and hatches there.
Thrushes, like swallows, build nests of clay, on high trees, and build them in rows all close together, so that from their continuity the structure resembles a necklace of nests. Of all birds that hatch for themselves the hoopoe is the only 10one that builds no nest whatever; it gets into the hollow of the trunk of a tree, and lays its eggs there without making any sort of nest. The circus builds either under a dwelling-roof or on cliffs. The tetrix, called ourax in Athens, builds neither on the ground nor on trees, but on low-lying shrubs.
Thrushes, like swallows, build nests of clay, on high trees, and build them in rows all close together, so that from their continuity the structure resembles a necklace of nests. Of all birds that hatch for themselves the hoopoe is the only 10one that builds no nest whatever; it gets into the hollow of the trunk of a tree, and lays its eggs there without making any sort of nest. The circus builds either under a dwelling-roof or on cliffs. The tetrix, called ourax in Athens, builds neither on the ground nor on trees, but on low-lying shrubs.
Book 6,Chapter 2 (559a15–561a3)
15 Τὸ δ' ᾠὸν ἁπάντων ὁμοίως τῶν ὀρνίθων σκληρόδερμόν
ἐστιν, ἐὰν γόνῳ γένηται καὶ μὴ διαφθαρῇ (ἔνια γὰρ μαλακὰ
τίκτουσιν αἱ ἀλεκτορίδες), καὶ δίχροα τὰ ᾠὰ τῶν
ὀρνίθων, ἐκτὸς μὲν τὸ λευκόν, ἐντὸς δὲ τὸ ὠχρόν. Διαφέρουσι
δὲ καὶ τὰ τῶν περὶ ποταμοὺς καὶ λίμνας γινομένων ὀρνέων
20 πρὸς τὰ τῶν ξηροβατικῶν· πολλαπλάσιον γὰρ ἔχει τὰ τῶν
ἐνύδρων κατὰ λόγον τὸ ὠχρὸν πρὸς τὸ λευκόν. Καὶ τὰ
χρώματα δὲ τῶν ᾠῶν διαφέρει κατὰ τὰ γένη τῶν ὀρνίθων·
τῶν μὲν γὰρ λευκά ἐστι τὰ ᾠά, οἷον περιστερᾶς καὶ πέρδικος,
τῶν δ' ὠχρά, οἷον τῶν περὶ τὰς λίμνας, τῶν δὲ κατεστιγμένα,
25 οἷον τὰ τῶν μελεαγρίδων καὶ φασιανῶν· τὰ δὲ
τῆς κεγχρίδος ἐρυθρά ἐστιν ὥσπερ μίλτος. Ἔχει δὲ τὸ ᾠὸν
διαφοράν· τῇ μὲν γὰρ ὀξὺ τῇ δὲ πλατύτερόν ἐστιν· ἐξιόντος
δ' ἡγεῖται τὸ πλατύ. Ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν μακρὰ καὶ ὀξέα τῶν
ᾠῶν θήλεα, τὰ δὲ στρογγύλα καὶ περιφέρειαν ἔχοντα κατὰ
30 τὸ ὀξὺ ἄρρενα. Ἐκλέπεται μὲν οὖν ἐπῳαζόντων τῶν ὀρνίθων,
The egg in the case of all birds alike is hard-shelled, 15if it be the produce of copulation and be laid by a healthy hen-for some hens lay soft eggs. The interior of the egg is of two colours, and the white part is outside and the yellow part within.
The eggs of birds that frequent rivers and marshes differ from those of birds that live on dry land; that is to say, the eggs of waterbirds have comparatively 20more of the yellow or yolk and less of the white. Eggs vary in colour according to their kind. Some eggs are white, as those of the pigeon and of the partridge; others are yellowish, as the eggs of marsh birds; in some cases the eggs are mottled, as the eggs of the guinea-fowl and the pheasant; while the eggs of the kestrel are red, like vermilion.
Eggs 25are not symmetrically shaped at both ends: in other words, one end is comparatively sharp, and the other end is comparatively blunt; and it is the latter end that protrudes first at the time of laying. Long and pointed eggs are female; those that are round, or more rounded at the narrow end, are male. Eggs are hatched by the incubation of the mother-bird.
The eggs of birds that frequent rivers and marshes differ from those of birds that live on dry land; that is to say, the eggs of waterbirds have comparatively 20more of the yellow or yolk and less of the white. Eggs vary in colour according to their kind. Some eggs are white, as those of the pigeon and of the partridge; others are yellowish, as the eggs of marsh birds; in some cases the eggs are mottled, as the eggs of the guinea-fowl and the pheasant; while the eggs of the kestrel are red, like vermilion.
Eggs 25are not symmetrically shaped at both ends: in other words, one end is comparatively sharp, and the other end is comparatively blunt; and it is the latter end that protrudes first at the time of laying. Long and pointed eggs are female; those that are round, or more rounded at the narrow end, are male. Eggs are hatched by the incubation of the mother-bird.
559b
1 οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτόματα ἐν τῇ γῇ ὥσπερ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ,
κατορυττόντων εἰς τὴν κόπρον· καὶ ἐν Συρακούσαις δὲ φιλοπότης
τις ὑποτιθέμενος ὑπὸ τὴν ψίαθον εἰς τὴν γῆν τοσοῦτον
ἔπινεν, ὡς φασί, χρόνον συνεχῶς, ἕως ἐκλέποι τὰ ᾠά. Ἤδη
5 δὲ καὶ κείμενα ἐν ἀγγείοις ἀλεεινοῖς ἐξεπέφθη καὶ ἐξῆλθεν
αὐτόματα. Ἡ μὲν οὖν γονὴ πάντων τῶν ὀρνίθων λευκή, ὥςπερ
καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων· ὅταν δ' ὀχευθῇ, ἄνω πρὸς τὸ
ὑπόζωμα λαμβάνει ἡ θήλεια. Καὶ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον λευκὸν
καὶ μικρὸν φαίνεται, ἔπειτα ἐρυθρὸν καὶ αἱματῶδες, αὐξανόμενον
10 δ' ὠχρὸν καὶ ξανθὸν ἅπαν· ὅταν δ' ἤδη γίνηται
ἁδρότερον, διακρίνεται, καὶ ἔσω μὲν τὸ ὠχρὸν ἔξω δὲ
τὸ λευκὸν περιίσταται. Ὅταν δὲ τελειωθῇ, ἀπολύεταί τε καὶ
ἐξέρχεται οὕτω τῷ καιρῷ ἐκ τοῦ μαλακὸν εἶναι μεταβάλλον
ἐπὶ τὸ σκληρόν, ὥστ' ἐξέρχεται μὲν οὔπω πεπηγός, ἐξελθὸν
15 δ' εὐθὺς πήγνυται καὶ γίνεται σκληρόν, ἂν μὴ ἐξίῃ νενοσηκός.
Ἐφάνη δ' ἤδη, οἷον ἔν τινι καιρῷ γίνεται τὸ ᾠόν
(ἅπαν γὰρ ὠχρὸν ὁμοίως ἐστίν, ὥσπερ ὕστερον ὁ νεοττός), τοιαῦτα
καὶ ἐν ἀλεκτρυόνι διαιρουμένῳ ὑπὸ τὸ ὑπόζωμα, οὗπερ
αἱ θήλειαι ἔχουσι τὰ ᾠά, τὸ μὲν εἶδος ὠχρὰ ὅλα, τὸ
20 δὲ μέγεθος ἡλίκα ᾠά· ἃ ἐν τέρατος λόγῳ τιθέασιν. Οἱ δὲ
λέγοντες ὅτι ὑπολείμματά ἐστι τὰ ὑπηνέμια τῶν ἔμπροσθεν
ἐξ ὀχείας γενομένων, οὐκ ἀληθῆ λέγουσιν· ὦπται γὰρ ἱκανῶς
ἤδη ἀνόχευτοι νεοττίδες ἀλεκτορίδων καὶ χηνῶν τίκτουσαι
ὑπηνέμια. Τὰ δ' ᾠὰ τὰ ὑπηνέμια ἐλάττω μὲν τῷ μεγέθει
25 γίνεται καὶ ἧττον ἡδέα καὶ ὑγρότερα τῶν γονίμων,
πλήθει δὲ πλείω· ὑποτιθεμένων δὲ τῇ ὄρνιθι οὐδὲν παχύνεται
τὸ ὑγρόν, ἀλλὰ τό τ' ὠχρὸν διαμένει καὶ τὸ λευκὸν ὅμοια
ὄντα. Γίνεται δ' ὑπηνέμια πολλῶν, οἷον ἀλεκτορίδος, πέρδικος,
περιστερᾶς, ταῶνος, χηνός, χηναλώπεκος. Ἐκλέπεται
30 δ' ἐπῳαζουσῶν ἐν τῷ θέρει θᾶττον ἢ ἐν τῷ χειμῶνι· ἐν ὀκτωκαίδεκα
1In some cases, as in Egypt, they are hatched spontaneously in the ground, by being buried in dung heaps. A story is told of a toper in Syracuse, how he used to put eggs into the ground under his rush-mat and to keep on drinking until he hatched them. Instances have occurred of eggs being deposited in 5warm vessels and getting hatched spontaneously.
The sperm of birds, as of animals in general, is white. After the female has submitted to the male, she draws up the sperm to underneath her midriff. At first it is little in size and white in colour; by and by it is red, the colour of blood; as it grows, it becomes pale and yellow all over. When at length it is getting ripe 10for hatching, it is subject to differentiation of substance, and the yolk gathers together within and the white settles round it on the outside. When the full time is come, the egg detaches itself and protrudes, changing from soft to hard with such temporal exactitude that, whereas it is not hard during the process of protrusion, it hardens immediately after the process is 15completed: that is if there be no concomitant pathological circumstances. Cases have occurred where substances resembling the egg at a critical point of its growth-that is, when it is yellow all over, as the yolk is subsequently-have been found in the cock when cut open, underneath his midriff, just where the hen has her eggs; and these are entirely yellow in appearance and of 20the same size as ordinary eggs. Such phenomena are regarded as unnatural and portentous.
Such as affirm that wind-eggs are the residua of eggs previously begotten from copulation are mistaken in this assertion, for we have cases well authenticated where chickens of the common hen and goose have laid wind-eggs without ever having been subjected to copulation. Wind-eggs are 25smaller, less palatable, and more liquid than true eggs, and are produced in greater numbers. When they are put under the mother bird, the liquid contents never coagulate, but both the yellow and the white remain as they were. Wind-eggs are laid by a number of birds: as for instance by the common hen, the hen partridge, the hen pigeon, the peahen, the goose, and the vulpanser.
The sperm of birds, as of animals in general, is white. After the female has submitted to the male, she draws up the sperm to underneath her midriff. At first it is little in size and white in colour; by and by it is red, the colour of blood; as it grows, it becomes pale and yellow all over. When at length it is getting ripe 10for hatching, it is subject to differentiation of substance, and the yolk gathers together within and the white settles round it on the outside. When the full time is come, the egg detaches itself and protrudes, changing from soft to hard with such temporal exactitude that, whereas it is not hard during the process of protrusion, it hardens immediately after the process is 15completed: that is if there be no concomitant pathological circumstances. Cases have occurred where substances resembling the egg at a critical point of its growth-that is, when it is yellow all over, as the yolk is subsequently-have been found in the cock when cut open, underneath his midriff, just where the hen has her eggs; and these are entirely yellow in appearance and of 20the same size as ordinary eggs. Such phenomena are regarded as unnatural and portentous.
Such as affirm that wind-eggs are the residua of eggs previously begotten from copulation are mistaken in this assertion, for we have cases well authenticated where chickens of the common hen and goose have laid wind-eggs without ever having been subjected to copulation. Wind-eggs are 25smaller, less palatable, and more liquid than true eggs, and are produced in greater numbers. When they are put under the mother bird, the liquid contents never coagulate, but both the yellow and the white remain as they were. Wind-eggs are laid by a number of birds: as for instance by the common hen, the hen partridge, the hen pigeon, the peahen, the goose, and the vulpanser.
560a
1 γὰρ ἡμέραις αἱ ἀλεκτορίδες ἐν τῷ θέρει ἐκλέπουσιν,
ἐν δὲ τῷ χειμῶνι ἐνίοτ' ἐν πέντε καὶ εἴκοσιν. Διαφέρουσι
μέντοι καὶ ὄρνιθες ὀρνίθων τῷ ἐπῳαστικώτεραι εἶναι ἕτεραι
ἑτέρων. Ἐὰν δὲ βροντήσῃ ἐπῳαζούσης, διαφθείρεται τὰ ᾠά.
5 Τὰ δὲ καλούμενα ὑπό τινων κυνόσουρα καὶ οὔρια γίνεται
τοῦ θέρους μᾶλλον. Ζεφύρια δὲ καλεῖται τὰ ὑπηνέμια ὑπό τινων,
ὅτι ὑπὸ τὴν ἐαρινὴν ὥραν φαίνονται δεχόμεναι τὰ
πνεύματα αἱ ὄρνιθες· τοιοῦτον δὲ ποιοῦσι καὶ τῇ χειρί πως
ψηλαφώμεναι. Γίνεται δὲ τὰ ὑπηνέμια γόνιμα καὶ τὰ ἐξ
10 ὀχείας ἤδη ἐνυπάρχοντα μεταβάλλει τὸ γένος εἰς ἄλλο
γένος, ἐὰν πρὶν μεταβαλεῖν ἐκ τοῦ ὠχροῦ εἰς τὸ λευκὸν
ὀχεύηται ἡ τὰ ὑπηνέμια ἔχουσα ἢ τὰ γόνῳ εἰλημμένα
ἐξ ἑτέρου ὄρνιθος· καὶ γίνεται τὰ μὲν ὑπηνέμια γόνιμα,
τὰ δὲ προϋπάρχοντα κατὰ τὸν ὕστερον ὀχεύοντα ὄρνιθα.
15 Ἐὰν δ' ἤδη μεταβαλλόντων εἰς τὸ λευκόν, οὐδὲν μεταβάλλει
οὔτε τὰ ὑπηνέμια ὥστε γίνεσθαι γόνιμα, οὔτε τὰ γόνῳ
κυούμενα ὥστε μεταβαλεῖν εἰς τὸ τοῦ ὀχεύοντος γένος. Καὶ
ἐὰν ὑπαρχόντων δὲ μικρῶν διαλείπῃ ἡ ὀχεία, οὐδὲν ἐπαυξάνεται
τὰ προϋπάρχοντα· ἐὰν δὲ πάλιν ὀχεύηται, ταχεῖα
20 γίνεται ἡ ἐπίδοσις εἰς τὸ μέγεθος. Ἔχει δὲ φύσιν τοῦ
ᾠοῦ τὸ ὠχρὸν καὶ τὸ λευκὸν ἐναντίαν οὐ μόνον τῷ χρώματι
ἀλλὰ καὶ τῇ δυνάμει· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὠχρὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ ψύχους
πήγνυται, τὸ δὲ λευκὸν οὐ πήγνυται ἀλλ' ὑγραίνεται μᾶλλον·
ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ πυρὸς τὸ μὲν λευκὸν πήγνυται, τὸ δ' ὠχρὸν
25 οὐ πήγνυται ἀλλὰ μαλακὸν διατελεῖ, ἂν μὴ κατακαυθῇ,
καὶ μᾶλλον ἑψόμενον ἢ πυρούμενον συνίσταται καὶ
ξηραίνεται. Ἑκάτερον δὲ χωρὶς ὑμένι διείληπται ἀπ' ἀλλήλων.
Αἱ δὲ πρὸς τῇ ἀρχῇ τοῦ ὠχροῦ χάλαζαι οὐδὲν συμβάλλονται
πρὸς τὴν γένεσιν, ὥσπερ τινὲς ὑπολαμβάνουσιν· εἰσὶ δὲ
30 δύο, ἡ μὲν κάτωθεν ἡ δ' ἄνωθεν. Συμβαίνει δὲ περὶ τὸ ὠχρὸν
καὶ τὸ λευκὸν καὶ <τόδε> ὅταν ἐξαιρεθέντα συνεράσῃ
1Eggs are hatched under brooding hens more rapidly in summer than in winter; that is to say, hens hatch in eighteen days in summer, but occasionally in winter take as many as twenty-five. And by the way for brooding purposes some birds make better mothers than others. If it thunders while 5a hen-bird is brooding, the eggs get addled. Wind-eggs that are called by some cynosura and uria are produced chiefly in summer. Wind-eggs are called by some zephyr-eggs, because at spring-time hen-birds are observed to inhale the breezes; they do the same if they be stroked in a peculiar way by hand. Wind-eggs can turn into fertile eggs, and eggs due to 10previous copulation can change breed, if before the change of the yellow to the white the hen that contains wind-eggs, or eggs begotten of copulation be trodden by another cock-bird. Under these circumstances the wind-eggs turn into fertile eggs, and the previously impregnated eggs follow the breed of the impregnator; but if the latter impregnation takes place 15during the change of the yellow to the white, then no change in the egg takes place: the wind-egg does not become a true egg, and the true egg does not take on the breed of the latter impregnator. If when the egg-substance is small copulation be intermitted, the previously existing egg-substance exhibits no increase; but if the hen be again submitted to the 20male the increase in size proceeds with rapidity.
The yolk and the white are diverse not only in colour but also in properties. Thus, the yolk congeals under the influence of cold, whereas the white instead of congealing is inclined rather to liquefy. Again, the white stiffens under the influence of fire, whereas the yolk does not stiffen; but, unless it be 25burnt through and through, it remains soft, and in point of fact is inclined to set or to harden more from the boiling than from the roasting of the egg. The yolk and the white are separated by a membrane from one another. The so-called 'hail-stones', or treadles, that are found at the extremity of the yellow in no way contribute towards generation, as some 30erroneously suppose: they are two in number, one below and the other above.
The yolk and the white are diverse not only in colour but also in properties. Thus, the yolk congeals under the influence of cold, whereas the white instead of congealing is inclined rather to liquefy. Again, the white stiffens under the influence of fire, whereas the yolk does not stiffen; but, unless it be 25burnt through and through, it remains soft, and in point of fact is inclined to set or to harden more from the boiling than from the roasting of the egg. The yolk and the white are separated by a membrane from one another. The so-called 'hail-stones', or treadles, that are found at the extremity of the yellow in no way contribute towards generation, as some 30erroneously suppose: they are two in number, one below and the other above.
560b
1 τις πλείω τοιαῦτα εἰς κύστιν καὶ ἕψῃ μαλακῶς καὶ μὴ
συντόνῳ τῷ πυρί, τὸ ὠχρὸν εἰς τὸ μέσον συνέρχεται πᾶν,
κύκλῳ δὲ τὸ λευκὸν περιίσταται. Τῶν δ' ἀλεκτορίδων αἱ
νεοττίδες πρῶτον τίκτουσιν εὐθὺς ἀρχομένου τοῦ ἔαρος, καὶ
5 πλείω τίκτουσιν ἢ αἱ πρεσβύτεραι· ἐλάττω δὲ τῷ μεγέθει
τὰ ἐκ τῶν νεωτέρων. Ὅλως δ' ἐὰν μὴ ἐπῳάζωσιν αἱ ὄρνιθες,
διαφθείρονται καὶ κάμνουσιν. Ὀχευθεῖσαι δ' αἱ μὲν ὄρνιθες
φρίττουσί τε καὶ ἀποσείονται καὶ πολλάκις κάρφος
περιβάλλονται (ποιοῦσι δὲ τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο καὶ τεκοῦσαι ἐνίοτε)
10 αἱ δὲ περιστεραὶ ἐφέλκουσι τὸ ὀρροπύγιον, οἱ δὲ χῆνες κατακολυμβῶσιν.
Αἱ δὲ κυήσεις καὶ αἱ τῶν ὑπηνεμίων ᾠῶν συλλήψεις
ταχεῖαι γίνονται ταῖς πλείσταις τῶν ὀρνίθων, οἷον καὶ
τῇ πέρδικι, ὅταν ὀργᾷ πρὸς τὴν ὀχείαν· ἐὰν γὰρ κατὰ
πνεῦμα στῇ τοῦ ἄρρενος, κυΐσκεται καὶ εὐθὺς ἄχρηστος γίνεται
15 πρὸς τὰς θήρας· ὄσφρησιν γὰρ δοκεῖ ἔχειν ἐπίδηλον
ὁ πέρδιξ. Ἡ δὲ τοῦ ᾠοῦ γένεσις μετὰ τὴν ὀχείαν καὶ ἐκ τοῦ
ᾠοῦ πάλιν συμπεττομένου ἡ τοῦ νεοττοῦ γένεσις οὐκ ἐν ἴσοις
χρόνοις συμβαίνει πᾶσιν, ἀλλὰ διαφέρει κατὰ τὰ μεγέθη τῶν
γεννώντων. Συνίσταται δὲ τὸ τῆς ἀλεκτορίδος ᾠὸν μετὰ τὴν
20 ὀχείαν καὶ τελειοῦται ἐν δέχ' ἡμέραις ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ· καὶ
τῆς περιστερᾶς δ' ἐν μικρῷ ἐλάττονι. Δύνανται δ' αἱ περιστεραὶ
καὶ ἤδη τοῦ ᾠοῦ ἐν ὠδῖνι ὄντος κατέχειν· ἐὰν γάρ τι ἐνοχληθῇ
ὑπό τινος ἢ περὶ τὴν νεοττείαν ἢ πτερὸν ἐκτιλθῇ ἢ
ἄλλο τι πονήσῃ καὶ δυσαρεστήσῃ, κατέχει καὶ οὐ τίκτει
25 μελλήσασα. Ἴδια δὲ περὶ τὰς περιστερὰς συμβαίνει καὶ τάδε
περὶ τὴν ὀχείαν. Κυνοῦσί τε γὰρ ἀλλήλας, ὅταν μέλλῃ
ἀναβαίνειν ὁ ἄρρην, ἢ οὐκ ἂν ὀχεύσειεν· ὁ μὲν πρεσβύτερος
τὸ πρῶτον, ὕστερον μέντοι ἀναβαίνει καὶ μὴ κύσας· οἱ δὲ
νεώτεροι ἀεὶ τοῦτο ποιήσαντες ὀχεύουσιν. Τοῦτό [τε] δὴ ἴδιον
30 ποιοῦσι. Καὶ ἔτι αἱ θήλειαι ἀλλήλαις ἀναβαίνουσιν, ὅταν ἄρρην
μὴ παρῇ, κύσασαι ὥσπερ οἱ ἄρρενες· καὶ οὐδὲν προϊέμεναι
1If you take out of the shells a number of yolks and a number of whites and pour them into a sauce pan and boil them slowly over a low fire, the yolks will gather into the centre and the whites will set all around them.
Young hens are the first to lay, and they do so at the beginning of spring and lay more eggs 5than the older hens, but the eggs of the younger hens are comparatively small. As a general rule, if hens get no brooding they pine and sicken. After copulation hens shiver and shake themselves, and often kick rubbish about all round them-and this, by the way, they do sometimes after laying-whereas pigeons trail their rumps on the ground, and geese dive under the water. Conception of the 10true egg and conformation of the wind-egg take place rapidly with most birds; as for instance with the hen-partridge when in heat. The fact is that, when she stands to windward and within scent of the male, she conceives, and becomes useless for decoy purposes: for, by the way, the partridge appears to have a very acute sense of smell.
The generation of the egg after copulation and the 15generation of the chick from the subsequent hatching of the egg are not brought about within equal periods for all birds, but differ as to time according to the size of the parent-birds. The egg of the common hen after copulation sets and matures in ten days a general rule; the egg of the pigeon in a somewhat lesser period. Pigeons have the faculty of holding back the egg at the very moment of 20parturition; if a hen pigeon be put about by any one, for instance if it be disturbed on its nest, or have a feather plucked out, or sustain any other annoyance or disturbance, then even though she had made up her mind to lay she can keep the egg back in abeyance. A singular phenomenon is observed in pigeons with regard to pairing: that is, they kiss one another just when the male is on 25the point of mounting the female, and without this preliminary the male would decline to perform his function. With the older males the preliminary kiss is only given to begin with, and subsequently sequently he mounts without previously kissing; with younger males the preliminary is never omitted. Another singularity in these birds is that the hens tread one another when a cock is not 30forthcoming, after kissing one another just as takes place in the normal pairing.
Young hens are the first to lay, and they do so at the beginning of spring and lay more eggs 5than the older hens, but the eggs of the younger hens are comparatively small. As a general rule, if hens get no brooding they pine and sicken. After copulation hens shiver and shake themselves, and often kick rubbish about all round them-and this, by the way, they do sometimes after laying-whereas pigeons trail their rumps on the ground, and geese dive under the water. Conception of the 10true egg and conformation of the wind-egg take place rapidly with most birds; as for instance with the hen-partridge when in heat. The fact is that, when she stands to windward and within scent of the male, she conceives, and becomes useless for decoy purposes: for, by the way, the partridge appears to have a very acute sense of smell.
The generation of the egg after copulation and the 15generation of the chick from the subsequent hatching of the egg are not brought about within equal periods for all birds, but differ as to time according to the size of the parent-birds. The egg of the common hen after copulation sets and matures in ten days a general rule; the egg of the pigeon in a somewhat lesser period. Pigeons have the faculty of holding back the egg at the very moment of 20parturition; if a hen pigeon be put about by any one, for instance if it be disturbed on its nest, or have a feather plucked out, or sustain any other annoyance or disturbance, then even though she had made up her mind to lay she can keep the egg back in abeyance. A singular phenomenon is observed in pigeons with regard to pairing: that is, they kiss one another just when the male is on 25the point of mounting the female, and without this preliminary the male would decline to perform his function. With the older males the preliminary kiss is only given to begin with, and subsequently sequently he mounts without previously kissing; with younger males the preliminary is never omitted. Another singularity in these birds is that the hens tread one another when a cock is not 30forthcoming, after kissing one another just as takes place in the normal pairing.
561a
1 εἰς ἀλλήλας τίκτουσιν ᾠὰ πλείω ἢ τὰ γόνῳ γινόμενα,
ἐξ ὧν οὐ γίνεται νεοττὸς οὐδείς, ἀλλ' ὑπηνέμια πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτά
ἐστιν.
1Though they do not impregnate one another they lay more eggs under these than under ordinary circumstances; no chicks, however, result therefrom, but all such eggs are wind-eggs.
Book 6,Chapter 3 (561a4–562b2)
Ἡ δὲ γένεσις ἐκ τοῦ ᾠοῦ τοῖς ὄρνισι συμβαίνει μὲν τὸν
5 αὐτὸν τρόπον πᾶσιν, οἱ δὲ χρόνοι διαφέρουσι τῆς τελειώσεως,
καθάπερ εἴρηται. Ταῖς μὲν οὖν ἀλεκτορίσι τριῶν ἡμερῶν
καὶ νυκτῶν παρελθουσῶν ἐπισημαίνει τὸ πρῶτον, ταῖς δὲ
μείζοσιν αὐτῶν ὄρνισιν ἐν πλείονι χρόνῳ, ταῖς δ' ἐλάττοσιν
ἐν ἐλάττονι. Γίνεται δ' ἐν τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ ἤδη τό τ' ὠχρὸν
10 ἄνω προσεληλυθὸς πρὸς τὸ ὀξύ, ᾗπέρ ἐστιν ἡ ἀρχή τε τοῦ ᾠοῦ
καὶ ἐκλέπεται τὸ ᾠόν, καὶ ὅσον στιγμὴ αἱματίνη ἐν τῷ λευκῷ
ἡ καρδία. Τοῦτο δὲ τὸ σημεῖον πηδᾷ καὶ κινεῖται ὥσπερ ἔμψυχον,
καὶ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ δύο πόροι φλεβικοὶ ἔναιμοι ἑλισσόμενοι
φέρουσιν αὐξανομένου εἰς ἑκάτερον τῶν χιτώνων τῶν
15 περιεχόντων. Καὶ ὑμὴν δ' αἱματικὰς ἶνας ἔχων ἤδη περιέχει
τὸ λέκιθον κατὰ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον ἀπὸ τῶν πόρων τῶν
φλεβικῶν. Ὀλίγον δ' ὕστερον καὶ τὸ σῶμα ἤδη ἀποκρίνεται,
μικρὸν τὸ πρῶτον πάμπαν καὶ λευκόν. Δήλη δ' ἡ κεφαλή,
καὶ ταύτης οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ μάλιστ' ἐμπεφυσημένοι· καὶ τοῦτο
20 μέχρι πόρρω διατελεῖ· ὀψὲ γάρ ποτε μικροὶ γίνονται καὶ
συμπίπτουσιν. Τοῦ δὲ σώματος τὸ κάτω μέρος οὐδὲν φαίνεται
μόριον πρὸς τὸ ἄνω τὸ πρῶτον. Τῶν δὲ πόρων τῶν ἐκ
τῆς καρδίας τεινόντων ὁ μὲν φέρει εἰς τὸ κύκλῳ περιέχον χόριον,
ὁ δ' εἰς τὸ ὠχρὸν ὥσπερ ὀμφαλὸς ὤν. Ἡ μὲν οὖν ἀρχὴ
25 τοῦ νεοττοῦ ἐστιν ἐκ τοῦ λευκοῦ, ἡ δὲ τροφὴ διὰ τοῦ ὀμφαλοῦ
ἐκ τοῦ ὠχροῦ. Δεκαταίου δ' ἤδη ὄντος ὁ νεοττὸς ὅλος διάδηλος
καὶ τὰ μέρη πάντα. Ἔχει δ' ἔτι τὴν κεφαλὴν μείζω τοῦ
ἄλλου σώματος, καὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς κεφαλῆς, οὐκ ἔχοντάς
πω ὄψιν. Γίνονται δ' οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ περὶ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον
30 ἐξαιρόμενοι μείζους κυάμων καὶ μέλανες· ἀφαιρουμένου
δὲ τοῦ δέρματος ὑγρὸν ἔνεστι λευκὸν καὶ ψυχρόν, σφόδρα
στίλβον πρὸς τὴν αὐγήν, στερεὸν δ' οὐδέν. Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τὰ
Generation from the egg proceeds in an identical manner with all birds, but the full periods from 5conception to birth differ, as has been said. With the common hen after three days and three nights there is the first indication of the embryo; with larger birds the interval being longer, with smaller birds shorter. Meanwhile the yolk comes into being, rising towards the sharp end, where the primal element of the egg is situated, and where the egg 10gets hatched; and the heart appears, like a speck of blood, in the white of the egg. This point beats and moves as though endowed with life, and from it two vein-ducts with blood in them trend in a convoluted course (as the egg substance goes on growing, towards each of the two circumjacent integuments); and a membrane carrying bloody fibres now 15envelops the yolk, leading off from the vein-ducts. A little afterwards the body is differentiated, at first very small and white. The head is clearly distinguished, and in it the eyes, swollen out to a great extent. This condition of the eyes lat on for a good while, as it is only by degrees that they diminish in size and collapse. At the outset the 20under portion of the body appears insignificant in comparison with the upper portion. Of the two ducts that lead from the heart, the one proceeds towards the circumjacent integument, and the other, like a navel-string, towards the yolk. The life-element of the chick is in the white of the egg, and the nutriment comes through the navel-string out of 25the yolk.
When the egg is now ten days old the chick and all its parts are distinctly visible. The head is still larger than the rest of its body, and the eyes larger than the head, but still devoid of vision. The eyes, if removed about this time, are found to be larger than beans, and black; if the cuticle be peeled off them there is a white and 30cold liquid inside, quite glittering in the sunlight, but there is no hard substance whatsoever. Such is the condition of the head and eyes.
When the egg is now ten days old the chick and all its parts are distinctly visible. The head is still larger than the rest of its body, and the eyes larger than the head, but still devoid of vision. The eyes, if removed about this time, are found to be larger than beans, and black; if the cuticle be peeled off them there is a white and 30cold liquid inside, quite glittering in the sunlight, but there is no hard substance whatsoever. Such is the condition of the head and eyes.
561b
1 ὄμματα καὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦτον διάκειται τὸν τρόπον. Ἔχει
δ' ἐν τῷ χρόνῳ τούτῳ καὶ τὰ σπλάγχνα ἤδη φανερὰ καὶ
τὰ περὶ τὴν κοιλίαν καὶ τὴν τῶν ἐντέρων φύσιν, καὶ αἱ
φλέβες αἱ ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας φαινόμεναι τείνειν πρὸς τῷ
5 ὀμφαλῷ ἤδη γίνονται. Ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ὀμφαλοῦ τέταται φλὲψ
ἡ μὲν πρὸς τὸν ὑμένα τὸν περιέχοντα τὸ ὠχρόν (τὸ δ' ὠχρὸν
ἐν τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ ὑγρὸν ἤδη ἐστὶ καὶ πλεῖον ἢ τὸ
κατὰ φύσιν), ἡ δ' ἑτέρα εἰς τὸν ὑμένα τὸν περιέχοντα
ὅλον τόν θ' ὑμένα ἐν ᾧ ὁ νεοττός, καὶ τὸν τοῦ ὠχροῦ ὑμένα
10 καὶ τὸ μεταξὺ τούτων ὑγρόν. Αὐξανομένου γὰρ τοῦ νεοττοῦ
κατὰ μικρὸν τοῦ ὠχροῦ τὸ μὲν ἄνω γίνεται τὸ δὲ κάτω, ἐν
μέσῳ δὲ τὸ λευκὸν ὑγρόν· τοῦ δὲ κάτω ὠχροῦ τὸ λευκὸν
κάτωθεν, ὥσπερ τὸ πρῶτον ὑπῆρχεν. Δεκαταίου δ' ὄντος τὸ
λευκὸν ἔσχατον γίνεται, ὀλίγον ἤδη ὂν καὶ γλίσχρον καὶ
15 παχὺ καὶ ὕπωχρον. Τέτακται γὰρ τῇ θέσει ἕκαστα τόνδε
τὸν τρόπον. Πρῶτος μὲν καὶ ἔσχατος πρὸς τὸ ὄστρακον ὁ
τοῦ ᾠοῦ ὑμήν, οὐχ ὁ τοῦ ὀστράκου, ἀλλ' <ὁ> ὑπ' ἐκεῖνον. Ἐν
δὲ τούτῳ λευκὸν ἔνεστιν ὑγρόν, εἶτα ὁ νεοττός, καὶ περὶ αὐτὸν
ὑμὴν χωρίζων, ὅπως μὴ ἐν ὑγρῷ ὁ νεοττὸς ᾖ· ὑπὸ δὲ τὸν
20 νεοττὸν τὸ ὠχρόν, εἰς ὃ τῶν φλεβῶν ἔφερεν ἡ ἑτέρα, ἡ δ'
ἑτέρα εἰς τὸ περιέχον λευκόν. Τὸ δὲ πᾶν περιέχει ὑμὴν
μεθ' ὑγρότητος ἰχωροειδοῦς. Εἶτ' ἄλλος ὑμὴν περὶ αὐτὸ ἤδη
τὸ ἔμβρυον, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, χωρίζων πρὸς τὸ ὑγρόν. Ὑποκάτω
δὲ τούτου τὸ ὠχρὸν ἐν ἑτέρῳ ὑμένι περιειλημμένον, εἰς
25 ὃ τείνει ὀμφαλὸς ὁ ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας καὶ τῆς μεγάλης
φλεβὸς φέρων, ὥστε μὴ εἶναι τὸ ἔμβρυον ἐν μηδετέρᾳ τῶν
ὑγροτήτων. Περὶ δὲ τὴν εἰκοστὴν ἤδη φθέγγεταί τε κινούμενος
ἔσωθεν, ἐάν τις κινῇ διελών, καὶ ἤδη δασὺς γίνεται, ὅταν
ὑπὲρ τὰς εἴκοσιν ἡ ἐκκόλαψις γίνηται τῶν ᾠῶν. Ἔχει δὲ
30 τὴν κεφαλὴν ὑπὲρ τοῦ δεξιοῦ σκέλους ἐπὶ τῇ λαγόνι, τὴν δὲ
πτέρυγα ὑπὲρ τῆς κεφαλῆς· καὶ φανερὸς κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν
χρόνον ὅ τε χοριοειδὴς ὑμὴν ὁ μετὰ τὸν τοῦ ὀστράκου ὑμένα
1At this time also the larger internal organs are visible, as also the stomach and the arrangement of the viscera; and veins that seem to proceed from the heart are now close to the navel. From the navel there stretch a pair of veins; one towards the 5membrane that envelops the yolk (and, by the way, the yolk is now liquid, or more so than is normal), and the other towards that membrane which envelops collectively the membrane wherein the chick lies, the membrane of the yolk, and the intervening liquid. (For, as the chick grows, little by little one part of 10the yolk goes upward, and another part downward, and the white liquid is between them; and the white of the egg is underneath the lower part of the yolk, as it was at the outset.) On the tenth day the white is at the extreme outer surface, reduced in amount, glutinous, firm in substance, and sallow in colour.
The 15disposition of the several constituent parts is as follows. First and outermost comes the membrane of the egg, not that of the shell, but underneath it. Inside this membrane is a white liquid; then comes the chick, and a membrane round about it, separating it off so as to keep the chick free from the liquid; next 20after the chick comes the yolk, into which one of the two veins was described as leading, the other one leading into the enveloping white substance. (A membrane with a liquid resembling serum envelops the entire structure. Then comes another membrane right round the embryo, as has been described, separating it 25off against the liquid. Underneath this comes the yolk, enveloped in another membrane (into which yolk proceeds the navel-string that leads from the heart and the big vein), so as to keep the embryo free of both liquids.)
About the twentieth day, if you open the egg and touch the chick, it moves inside and chirps; 30and it is already coming to be covered with down, when, after the twentieth day is ast, the chick begins to break the shell.
The 15disposition of the several constituent parts is as follows. First and outermost comes the membrane of the egg, not that of the shell, but underneath it. Inside this membrane is a white liquid; then comes the chick, and a membrane round about it, separating it off so as to keep the chick free from the liquid; next 20after the chick comes the yolk, into which one of the two veins was described as leading, the other one leading into the enveloping white substance. (A membrane with a liquid resembling serum envelops the entire structure. Then comes another membrane right round the embryo, as has been described, separating it 25off against the liquid. Underneath this comes the yolk, enveloped in another membrane (into which yolk proceeds the navel-string that leads from the heart and the big vein), so as to keep the embryo free of both liquids.)
About the twentieth day, if you open the egg and touch the chick, it moves inside and chirps; 30and it is already coming to be covered with down, when, after the twentieth day is ast, the chick begins to break the shell.
562a
1 τὸν ἔσχατον, εἰς ὃν ἔτεινεν ὁ ἕτερος τῶν ὀμφαλῶν (καὶ ὁ
νεοττὸς ἐν τούτῳ δὴ γίνεται τότε ὅλος), καὶ ὁ ἕτερος ὑμὴν
χοριοειδὴς ὤν, ὁ περὶ τὸ ὠχρὸν εἰς ὃ ἔτεινεν ὁ ἕτερος ὀμφαλός·
ἄμφω δ' ἤστην ἀπό τε τῆς καρδίας καὶ τῆς φλεβὸς
5 τῆς μεγάλης. Ἐν δὲ τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ ὁ μὲν πρὸς τὸ
ἔξω χόριον ὀμφαλὸς τείνων ἀπολύεται τοῦ ζῴου συμπεπτωκώς,
ὁ δ' εἰς τὸ ὠχρὸν φέρων συνήρτηται τοῦ νεοττοῦ πρὸς
τὸ ἔντερον τὸ λεπτόν, καὶ ἔσω τοῦ ὠχροῦ πολὺ ἤδη γίνεται
ἐν τῷ νεοττῷ, καὶ ὑπόστημα ἐν τῇ κοιλίᾳ ὠχρόν. Καὶ περίττωμα
10 δ' ἀφίησι περὶ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον πρὸς τὸ ἔξω χόριον,
καὶ ἐν τῇ κοιλίᾳ ἔχει· λευκὸν δὲ καὶ τὸ ἔξω περίττωμα,
καὶ ἔσω τι ἐγγίνεται λευκόν. Τέλος δὲ τὸ ὠχρὸν
ἀεὶ ἔλαττον γινόμενον καὶ προϊὸν ἀναλίσκεται πάμπαν καὶ
ἐμπεριλαμβάνεται ἐν τῷ νεοττῷ, ὥστ' ἤδη ἐκκεκολαμμένου
15 δεκαταίου, ἄν τις ἀνασχίσῃ, ἔτι πρὸς τῷ ἐντέρῳ μικρόν τι
τοῦ ὠχροῦ λείπεται, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ὀμφαλοῦ ἀπολέλυται, καὶ
οὐδὲν γίνεται μεταξὺ ἀλλ' ἀνήλωται πᾶν. Περὶ δὲ τὸν χρόνον
τὸν πρότερον ῥηθέντα καθεύδει μὲν ὁ νεοττός, ἐγείρεται
δὲ καὶ ἀναβλέπει κινούμενος καὶ φθέγγεται· καὶ ἡ καρδία
20 ἅμα τῷ ὀμφαλῷ ἀναφυσᾷ ὡς ἀναπνέοντος. Ἡ μὲν οὖν γένεσις
ἐκ τοῦ ᾠοῦ τοῖς ὄρνισι τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον. Τίκτουσι δ'
αἱ ὄρνιθες ἔνια ἄγονα τῶν ᾠῶν καὶ [τὰ] ἐξ ὀχείας γινόμενα,
καὶ ἐπῳαζουσῶν οὐδὲν γίνεται ἔκγονον· τεθεώρηται δὲ τοῦτο
μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῶν περιστερῶν. Τὰ δὲ δίδυμα τῶν ᾠῶν δύ'
25 ἔχει λεκίθους, ὧν τὰ μὲν διείργει τοῦ μὴ εἰς ἄλληλα συγκεχύσθαι
τὰ ὠχρὰ τοῦ λευκοῦ λεπτὴ διάφυσις, τὰ δ' οὐκ
ἔχει ταύτην τὴν διάφυσιν, ἀλλὰ συμψαύουσιν. Εἰσὶ δ' ἔνιαι
ἀλεκτορίδες αἳ πάντα δίδυμα τίκτουσιν, καὶ ἤδη ἐπὶ τούτων
ὦπται τὸ περὶ τὴν λέκιθον συμβαῖνον· ὀκτωκαίδεκα
30 γάρ τις τεκοῦσα ἐξέλεψε δίδυμα, πλὴν ὅσα οὔρια ἐγένετο.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα γόνιμα (πλὴν ὅτι τὸ μὲν μεῖζον
1The head is situated over the right leg close to the flank, and the wing is placed over the head; and about this time is plain to be seen the membrane resembling an after-birth that comes next after the outermost membrane of the shell, into which membrane the one of the navel-strings was described as 5leading (and, by the way, the chick in its entirety is now within it), and so also is the other membrane resembling an after-birth, namely that surrounding the yolk, into which the second navel-string was described as leading; and both of them were described as being connected with the heart and the big vein. At this conjuncture the navel-string that leads to the outer afterbirth 10collapses and becomes detached from the chick, and the membrane that leads into the yolk is fastened on to the thin gut of the creature, and by this time a considerable amount of the yolk is inside the chick and a yellow sediment is in its stomach. About this time it discharges residuum in the direction of the outer after-birth, and has residuum inside its stomach; and the 15outer residuum is white (and there comes a white substance inside). By and by the yolk, diminishing gradually in size, at length becomes entirely used up and comprehended within the chick (so that, ten days after hatching, if you cut open the chick, a small remnant of the yolk is still left in connexion with the gut), but it is detached from the navel, and there is nothing in 20the interval between, but it has been used up entirely. During the period above referred to the chick sleeps, wakes up, makes a move and looks up and Chirps; and the heart and the navel together palpitate as though the creature were respiring. So much as to generation from the egg in the case of birds.
Birds lay some eggs that are unfruitful, even eggs that are the result of 25copulation, and no life comes from such eggs by incubation; and this phenomenon is observed especially with pigeons.
Twin eggs have two yolks. In some twin eggs a thin partition of white intervenes to prevent the yolks mixing with each other, but some twin eggs are unprovided with such partition, and the yokes run into one another. There are some hens that lay nothing but twin 30eggs, and in their case the phenomenon regarding the yolks has been observed.
Birds lay some eggs that are unfruitful, even eggs that are the result of 25copulation, and no life comes from such eggs by incubation; and this phenomenon is observed especially with pigeons.
Twin eggs have two yolks. In some twin eggs a thin partition of white intervenes to prevent the yolks mixing with each other, but some twin eggs are unprovided with such partition, and the yokes run into one another. There are some hens that lay nothing but twin 30eggs, and in their case the phenomenon regarding the yolks has been observed.
562b
1 τὸ δ' ἔλαττον γίνεται τῶν διδύμων), τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον
τερατῶδες.
1For instance, a hen has been known to lay eighteen eggs, and to hatch twins out of them all, except those that were wind-eggs; the rest were fertile (though, by the way, one of the twins is always bigger than the other), but the eighteenth was abnormal or monstrous.
Book 6,Chapter 4 (562b3–563a4)
Τίκτουσι δὲ πάντα μὲν τὰ περιστεροειδῆ δύο, οἷον φάττα
καὶ τρυγών, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ, τὰ δὲ πλεῖστα τρία [τρυγὼν
5 καὶ φάττα]. Τίκτει δ' ἡ μὲν περιστερά, ὥσπερ εἴρηται,
πᾶσαν ὥραν, τρυγὼν δὲ καὶ φάττα ἐν τῷ ἔαρι, οὐ πλεονάκις
ἢ δίς· τίκτει δὲ τὰ δεύτερα, ὅταν τὰ πρότερον γεννηθέντα
διαφθαρῇ· πολλαὶ γὰρ διαφθείρουσιν αὐτὰ τῶν ὀρνίθων.
Τίκτει μὲν οὖν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, καὶ τρία ποτέ· ἀλλ'
10 ἐξάγει οὐδέποτε δυοῖν πλέον νεοττοῖν, ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ ἕνα μόνον·
τὸ δ' ὑπολειπόμενον τῶν ᾠῶν ἀεὶ οὔριόν ἐστιν. Τῶν δὲ πλείστων
ὀρνέων οὐδὲν αὐτοετὲς γεννᾷ. Ἅπαντες δ' οἱ ὄρνιθες, ἐπειδὰν
ἅπαξ ἄρξωνται τίκτειν, διὰ τέλους ὡς εἰπεῖν ἔχουσιν ᾠά,
ἀλλ' ἐν ἐνίοις διὰ μικρότητα οὐ ῥᾴδιον ἰδεῖν. Ἡ δὲ περιστερὰ ὡς ἐπὶ
15 τὸ πολὺ ἄρρεν καὶ θῆλυ, καὶ τούτων ὡς τὸ πολὺ πρότερον
τὸ ἄρρεν τίκτει· καὶ τεκοῦσα μίαν ἡμέραν διαλείπει
εἶτα πάλιν τίκτει θάτερον. Ἐπῳάζει δὲ καὶ ὁ ἄρρην ἐν τῷ
μέρει τῆς ἡμέρας, τὴν δὲ νύκτα ἡ θήλεια. Ἐκπέττεταί τε
καὶ ἐκλέπεται ἐντὸς εἴκοσιν ἡμερῶν τὸ γενόμενον πρότερον
20 τῶν ᾠῶν· τιτρώσκει δὲ τὸ ᾠὸν τῇ προτεραίᾳ ἢ ἐκλέπει.
Καὶ συνθερμαίνουσι τοὺς νεοττοὺς ἀμφότεροι ἐπί τινα χρόνον
τὸν αὐτόν γε τρόπον ὅνπερ καὶ τὰ ᾠά. Χαλεπωτέρα δ' ἡ θήλειά
ἐστι περὶ τὴν τεκνοτροφίαν τοῦ ἄρρενος, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα
ζῷα μετὰ τὸν τόκον. Τίκτουσι δὲ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ δεκάκις,
25 ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ ἑνδεκάκις, αἱ δ' ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ καὶ δωδεκάκις.
Ὀχεύει δὲ καὶ ὀχεύεται ἡ περιστερὰ ἐντὸς ἐνιαυτοῦ· καὶ
γὰρ ἕκμηνος ὀχεύει καὶ ὀχεύεται. Τὰς δὲ φάττας καὶ τὰς
τρυγόνας ἔνιοί φασιν ὀχεύεσθαι καὶ γεννᾶν καὶ τρίμηνα ὄντα,
σημεῖον ποιούμενοι τὴν πολυπλήθειαν αὐτῶν. Ἔγκυα δὲ γίνεται
30 δέκα καὶ τέτταρας ἡμέρας, καὶ ἐπῳάζει ἄλλας τοσαύτας·
ἐν ἑτέραις δὲ δέκα καὶ τέτταρσι πτεροῦνται οὕτως ὥστε
Birds of the pigeon kind, such as 5the ringdove and the turtle-dove, lay two eggs at a time; that is to say, they do so as a general rule, and they never lay more than three. The pigeon, as has been said, lays at all seasons; the ring-dove and the turtle-dove lay in the springtime, and they never lay more than twice in the same season. The hen-bird lays the second pair of eggs when the first pair happens to 10have been destroyed, for many of the hen-pigeons destroy the first brood. The hen-pigeon, as has been said, occasionally lays three eggs, but it never rears more than two chicks, and sometimes rears only one; and the odd one is always a wind-egg.
Very few birds propagate within their first year. All birds, after once they have begun laying, keep on having eggs, though in 15the case of some birds it is difficult to detect the fact from the minute size of the creature.
The pigeon, as a rule, lays a male and a female egg, and generally lays the male egg first; after laying it allows a day's interval to ensue and then lays the second egg. The male takes its turn of sitting during the daytime; the female sits during the night. The first-laid egg 20is hatched and brought to birth within twenty days; and the mother bird pecks a hole in the egg the day before she hatches it out. The two parent birds brood for some time over the chicks in the way in which they brooded previously over the eggs. In all connected with the rearing of the young the female parent is more cross-tempered than the male, as is the case with most 25animals after parturition. The hens lay as many as ten times in the year; occasional instances have been known of their laying eleven times, and in Egypt they actually lay twelve times. The pigeon, male and female, couples within the year; in fact, it couples when only six months old. Some assert that ringdoves and turtle-doves pair and procreate when only three months old, 30and instance their superabundant numbers by way of proof of the assertion.
Very few birds propagate within their first year. All birds, after once they have begun laying, keep on having eggs, though in 15the case of some birds it is difficult to detect the fact from the minute size of the creature.
The pigeon, as a rule, lays a male and a female egg, and generally lays the male egg first; after laying it allows a day's interval to ensue and then lays the second egg. The male takes its turn of sitting during the daytime; the female sits during the night. The first-laid egg 20is hatched and brought to birth within twenty days; and the mother bird pecks a hole in the egg the day before she hatches it out. The two parent birds brood for some time over the chicks in the way in which they brooded previously over the eggs. In all connected with the rearing of the young the female parent is more cross-tempered than the male, as is the case with most 25animals after parturition. The hens lay as many as ten times in the year; occasional instances have been known of their laying eleven times, and in Egypt they actually lay twelve times. The pigeon, male and female, couples within the year; in fact, it couples when only six months old. Some assert that ringdoves and turtle-doves pair and procreate when only three months old, 30and instance their superabundant numbers by way of proof of the assertion.
563a
1 μὴ ῥᾳδίως καταλαμβάνεσθαι. Βιοῖ δὲ φάττα, ὡς φασί,
καὶ τετταράκοντα ἔτη· καὶ αἱ πέρδικες δὲ πλείω ἢ ἔτη ἑκκαίδεκα.
Τίκτει δὲ ἡ περιστερὰ ἀπονεοττεύουσα πάλιν ἐν
τριάκονθ' ἡμέραις.
1The hen-pigeon carries her eggs fourteen days; for as many more days the parent birds hatch the eggs; by the end of another fourteen days the chicks are so far capable of flight as to be overtaken with difficulty. (The ring-dove, according to all accounts, lives up to forty years. 5The partridge lives over sixteen., After one brood the pigeon is ready for another within thirty days.)
Book 6,Chapter 5 (563a5–16)
5 Ὁ δὲ γὺψ νεοττεύει μὲν ἐπὶ πέτραις ἀπροσβάτοις·
διὸ σπάνιον ἰδεῖν νεοττιὰν γυπὸς καὶ νεοττούς. Καὶ διὰ τοῦτο
καὶ Ἡρόδωρος ὁ Βρύσωνος τοῦ σοφιστοῦ πατήρ φησιν εἶναι
τοὺς γῦπας ἀφ' ἑτέρας γῆς, ἀδήλου ἡμῖν, τοῦτό τε λέγων τὸ
σημεῖον, ὅτι οὐδεὶς ἑώρακε γυπὸς νεοττιάν, καὶ ὅτι πολλοὶ
10 ἐξαίφνης φαίνονται ἀκολουθοῦντες τοῖς στρατεύμασιν. Τὸ δ'
ἐστὶ χαλεπὸν μὲν ἰδεῖν, ὦπται δ' ὅμως. Τίκτουσι δὲ δύο ᾠὰ οἱ
γῦπες. Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα ὅσα σαρκοφάγα οὐκ ὦπται πλεονάκις
ἢ ἅπαξ τίκτοντα, ἡ δὲ χελιδὼν δὶς νεοττεύει μόνον
τῶν σαρκοφάγων· τῶν δὲ νεοττῶν ἄν τις ἔτι νέων ὄντων τῆς
15 χελιδόνος τὰ ὄμματα ἐκκεντήσῃ, γίνονται ὑγιεῖς καὶ βλέπουσιν
ὕστερον.
The vulture builds its nest on inaccessible cliffs; for which reason its nest and young are rarely seen. And therefore Herodorus, father of Bryson the Sophist, declares that vultures belong to some foreign country unknown to us, stating as a proof of 10the assertion that no one has ever seen a vulture's nest, and also that vultures in great numbers make a sudden appearance in the rear of armies. However, difficult as it is to get a sight of it, a vulture's nest has been seen. The vulture lays two eggs.
(Carnivorous birds in general are observed to lay but once a year. The swallow is the only carnivorous 15bird that builds a nest twice. If you prick out the eyes of swallow chicks while they are yet young, the birds will get well again and will see by and by.)
(Carnivorous birds in general are observed to lay but once a year. The swallow is the only carnivorous 15bird that builds a nest twice. If you prick out the eyes of swallow chicks while they are yet young, the birds will get well again and will see by and by.)
Book 6,Chapter 6 (563a17–563b13)
Ὁ δ' ἀετὸς ᾠὰ μὲν τίκτει τρία, ἐκλέπει δὲ τούτων
τὰ δύο, ὥσπερ ἐστὶ καὶ ἐν τοῖς Μουσαίου λεγομένοις ἔπεσιν,
«ὃς τρία μὲν τίκτει, δύο δ' ἐκλέπει, ἓν δ' ἀλεγίζει».
20 Ὡς μὲν οὖν τὰ πολλὰ οὕτω συμβαίνει, ἤδη δὲ καὶ τρεῖς
νεοττοὶ ὠμμένοι εἰσίν. Ἐκβάλλει δ' αὐξανομένων τὸν ἕτερον
τῶν νεοττῶν ἀχθόμενος τῇ ἐδωδῇ. Ἅμα δὲ καὶ λέγεται
ἐν τῷ χρόνῳ τούτῳ ἄπαστος γίνεσθαι, ὅπως μὴ ἁρπάζῃ
τοὺς τῶν θηρίων σκύμνους· οἵ τε οὖν ὄνυχες αὐτοῦ διαστρέφονται
25 ὀλίγας ἡμέρας, καὶ τὰ πτερὰ λευκαίνεται, ὥστε
καὶ τοῖς τέκνοις τότε γίνονται χαλεποί. Τὸν δ' ἐκβληθέντα
δέχεται καὶ ἐκτρέφει ἡ φήνη. Ἐπῳάζει δὲ περὶ τριάκονθ'
ἡμέρας. Καὶ τῶν ἄλλων δὲ τοῖς μεγάλοις ὁ χρόνος τοσοῦτός
ἐστι τῆς ἐπῳάσεως, οἷον χηνὶ καὶ ὠτίδι· τοῖς δὲ μέσοις περὶ
30 εἴκοσιν, οἷον ἰκτίνῳ καὶ ἱέρακι. Τίκτει δ' ὁ ἰκτῖνος τὰ μὲν
πλεῖστα δύο, ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ τρεῖς ἐξάγει νεοττούς· ὁ δ' αἰγώλιος
καλούμενος ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ τέτταρας. Τίκτει δὲ καὶ ὁ κόραξ
The eagle lays three eggs and hatches two of them, as it is said in the verses ascribed to Musaeus:
That lays three, hatches two, and cares for one.
This is the case in most instances, though 20occasionally a brood of three has been observed. As the young ones grow, the mother becomes wearied with feeding them and extrudes one of the pair from the nest. At the same time the bird is said to abstain from food, to avoid harrying the young of wild animals. That is to say, its wings blanch, and for some days its talons get turned awry. It is in 25consequence about this time cross-tempered to its own young. The phene is said to rear the young one that has been expelled the nest. The eagle broods for about thirty days.
The hatching period is about the same for the larger birds, such as the goose and the great bustard; for the middle-sized birds it extends over about twenty days, as in the case of 30the kite and the hawk. The kite in general lays two eggs, but occasionally rears three young ones. The so-called aegolius at times rears four.
That lays three, hatches two, and cares for one.
This is the case in most instances, though 20occasionally a brood of three has been observed. As the young ones grow, the mother becomes wearied with feeding them and extrudes one of the pair from the nest. At the same time the bird is said to abstain from food, to avoid harrying the young of wild animals. That is to say, its wings blanch, and for some days its talons get turned awry. It is in 25consequence about this time cross-tempered to its own young. The phene is said to rear the young one that has been expelled the nest. The eagle broods for about thirty days.
The hatching period is about the same for the larger birds, such as the goose and the great bustard; for the middle-sized birds it extends over about twenty days, as in the case of 30the kite and the hawk. The kite in general lays two eggs, but occasionally rears three young ones. The so-called aegolius at times rears four.
563b
1 οὐ μόνον δύο, ὥσπερ φασί τινες, ἀλλὰ καὶ πλείω·
ἐπῳάζει δὲ περὶ εἴκοσιν ἡμέρας καὶ ἐκβάλλει τοὺς νεοττοὺς
ὁ κόραξ. Ποιεῖ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα τῶν ὀρνέων τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο·
πολλάκις γάρ, ὅσα πλείω τίκτει, ἕνα ἐκβάλλουσιν. Οὐ πάντα
5 δὲ τὰ τῶν ἀετῶν γένη ὅμοια περὶ τὰ τέκνα, ἀλλ' ὁ
πύγαργος χαλεπός, οἱ δὲ μέλανες εὔτεκνοι περὶ τὴν τροφήν
εἰσιν, ἐπεὶ πάντες γ' ὡς εἰπεῖν οἱ γαμψώνυχες, ὅταν
θᾶττον οἱ νεοττοὶ δύνωνται πέτεσθαι, ἐκβάλλουσι τύπτοντες
ἐκ τῆς νεοττιᾶς. Καὶ τῶν ἄλλων δέ, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, σχεδὸν
10 οἱ πλεῖστοι τοῦτο δρῶσι καὶ θρέψαντες οὐδεμίαν ἐπιμέλειαν
ποιοῦνται τὸ λοιπόν, πλὴν κορώνης· αὕτη δ' ἐπί τινα χρόνον
ἐπιμελεῖται· καὶ γὰρ ἤδη πετομένων σιτίζει παραπετομένη.
1It is not true that, as some aver, the raven lays only two eggs; it lays a larger number. It broods for about twenty days and then extrudes its young. Other birds perform the same operation; at all events mother birds that lay several eggs often extrude one of their young.
Birds of 5the eagle species are not alike in the treatment of their young. The white-tailed eagle is cross, the black eagle is affectionate in the feeding of the young; though, by the way, all birds of prey, when their brood is rather forward in being able to fly, beat and extrude them from the nest. The majority of birds other than birds of prey, as has been said, 10also act in this manner, and after feeding their young take no further care of them; but the crow is an exception. This bird for a considerable time takes charge of her young; for, even when her young can fly, she flies alongside of them and supplies them with food.
Birds of 5the eagle species are not alike in the treatment of their young. The white-tailed eagle is cross, the black eagle is affectionate in the feeding of the young; though, by the way, all birds of prey, when their brood is rather forward in being able to fly, beat and extrude them from the nest. The majority of birds other than birds of prey, as has been said, 10also act in this manner, and after feeding their young take no further care of them; but the crow is an exception. This bird for a considerable time takes charge of her young; for, even when her young can fly, she flies alongside of them and supplies them with food.
Book 6,Chapter 7 (563b14–564a6)
Ὁ δὲ κόκκυξ λέγεται μὲν ὑπό τινων ὡς μεταβάλλει
15 ἐξ ἱέρακος, διὰ τὸ ἀφανίζεσθαι τὸν ἱέρακα, περὶ τοῦτον τὸν
χρόνον, ᾧ ὅμοιός ἐστιν· σχεδὸν δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἱέρακας οὐκ
ἔστιν ἰδεῖν, ὅταν θᾶττον φθέγγηται ὁ κόκκυξ, πλὴν ὀλίγας
ἡμέρας. Ὁ δὲ κόκκυξ φαίνεται ἐπ' ὀλίγον χρόνον τοῦ θέρους,
τὸν δὲ χειμῶνα ἀφανίζεται. Ἔστι δ' ὁ μὲν ἱέραξ γαμψώνυχος,
20 ὁ δὲ κόκκυξ οὐ γαμψώνυχος. Ἔτι δ' οὐδὲ τὰ περὶ τὴν
κεφαλὴν ἔοικεν ἱέρακι, ἀλλ' ἄμφω ταῦτα περιστερᾷ μᾶλλον·
ἀλλ' ἢ κατὰ τὸ χρῶμα μόνον προσέοικεν ἱέρακι, πλὴν
τοῦ μὲν ἱέρακος τὰ ποικίλα οἷον γραμμαί εἰσι, τοῦ δὲ κόκκυγος
οἷον στιγμαί. Τὸ μέντοι μέγεθος καὶ ἡ πτῆσις παραπλησία
25 τῷ ἐλαχίστῳ τῶν ἱεράκων, ὃς κατὰ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον
ἀφανής ἐστιν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ὃν φαίνεται ὁ κόκκυξ, ἐπεὶ
ἤδη γ' ὠμμένοι εἰσὶν ἄμφω. Καὶ κατεσθιόμενος δ' ὦπται
κόκκυξ ὑπὸ ἱέρακος· καίτοι οὐδὲν ποιεῖ τοῦτο τῶν ὁμογενῶν
ὀρνέων. Νεοττοὺς δὲ κόκκυγος λέγουσιν ὡς οὐδεὶς ἑώρακεν· ὁ
30 δὲ τίκτει μέν, ἀλλ' οὐ ποιησάμενος νεοττιάν, ἀλλ' ἐνίοτε μὲν
ἐν τῇ τῶν ἐλαττόνων ὀρνίθων ἐντίκτει καταφαγὼν τὰ ᾠὰ τὰ
ἐκείνων, μάλιστα δ' ἐν ταῖς τῶν φαβῶν νεοττιαῖς, καταφαγὼν
The cuckoo is said by some to be a hawk transformed, because at the time of the cuckoo's 15coming, the hawk, which it resembles, is never seen; and indeed it is only for a few days that you will see hawks about when the cuckoo's note sounds early in the season. The cuckoo appears only for a short time in summer, and in winter disappears. The hawk has crooked talons, which the cuckoo has not; neither with regard to the head does the cuckoo resemble 20the hawk. In point of fact, both as regards the head and the claws it more resembles the pigeon. However, in colour and in colour alone it does resemble the hawk, only that the markings of the hawk are striped, and of the cuckoo mottled. And, by the way, in size and flight it resembles the smallest of the hawk tribe, which bird disappears as a rule 25about the time of the appearance of the cuckoo, though the two have been seen simultaneously. The cuckoo has been seen to be preyed on by the hawk; and this never happens between birds of the same species. They say no one has ever seen the young of the cuckoo. The bird eggs, but does not build a nest. Sometimes it lays its eggs in the nest of a smaller bird 30after first devouring the eggs of this bird; it lays by preference in the nest of the ringdove, after first devouring the eggs of the pigeon.
564a
1 καὶ τὰ τούτων ᾠά. Τίκτει δ' ὀλιγάκις μὲν δύο, τὰ
δὲ πλεῖστα ἕν. Ἐντίκτει δὲ καὶ τῇ τῆς ὑπολαΐδος νεοττιᾷ· ἡ δ'
ἐκπέττει καὶ ἐκτρέφει. Γίνεται δὲ πίων καὶ ἡδύκρεως κατὰ
τοῦτον τὸν καιρὸν μάλιστα. Γίνονται δὲ καὶ τῶν ἱεράκων οἱ
5 νεοττοὶ ἡδύκρεῳ σφόδρα καὶ πίονες. Νεοττεύει δὲ γένος τι
αὐτῶν πόρρω καὶ ἐν ἀποτόμοις πέτραις.
1(It occasionally lays two, but usually one.) It lays also in the nest of the hypolais, and the hypolais hatches and rears the brood. It is about this time that the bird becomes fat and palatable. (The young of hawks also get palatable and fat. One species 5builds a nest in the wilderness and on sheer and inaccessible cliffs.)
Book 6,Chapter 8 (564a7–24)
Ἐπῳάζει δὲ τὰ πολλὰ τῶν ὀρνέων, ὥσπερ εἴρηται
περὶ τῶν περιστερῶν, διαδεχόμενα τὰ ἄρρενα τοῖς θήλεσι,
τὰ δὲ τοσοῦτον χρόνον ὅσον ἀπολείπει τὸ θῆλυ τροφὴν αὑτῷ
10 ποριζόμενον. Τῶν δὲ χηνῶν αἱ θήλειαι ἐπῳάζουσι μόναι, καὶ
διαμένουσι διὰ παντὸς ἐφεδρεύουσαι, ὅτανπερ ἄρξωνται τοῦτο
ποιεῖν. Πρὸς δὲ τόποις ἑλώδεσί τε καὶ πόαν ἔχουσι πάντων
τῶν λιμναίων ὀρνίθων αἱ νεοττιαὶ γίνονται· διόπερ καὶ ἡσυχίαν
ἔχοντες ἐπὶ τῶν ᾠῶν δύνανται τροφήν τινα αὑτοῖς πορίζεσθαι
15 καὶ μὴ παντάπασιν ἄσιτοι εἶναι. Ἐπῳάζουσι δὲ καὶ
τῶν κορωνῶν αἱ θήλειαι μόναι, καὶ διατελοῦσιν ἐπ' αὐτῶν
οὖσαι διὰ παντός· τρέφουσι δ' αὐτὰς οἱ ἄρρενες κομίζοντες τὴν
τροφὴν αὐταῖς καὶ σιτίζοντες. Τῶν δὲ φαβῶν ἡ μὲν θήλεια
ἀπὸ δείλης ἀρξαμένη τήν τε νύχθ' ὅλην ἐπῳάζει καὶ ἕως
20 ἀκρατίσματος ὥρας, ὁ δ' ἄρρην τὸ λοιπὸν τοῦ χρόνου. Οἱ δὲ
πέρδικες δύο ποιοῦνται τῶν ᾠῶν σηκούς, καὶ ἐφ' ᾧ μὲν ἡ θήλεια
ἐπὶ δὲ θατέρῳ ὁ ἄρρην ἐπῳάζει, καὶ ἐκλέψας ἐκτρέφει
ἑκάτερος ἑκάτερα· καὶ τοὺς νεοττοὺς ὅταν πρῶτον ἐξάγῃ,
ὀχεύει αὐτούς.
With most birds, as has been said of the pigeon, the hatching is carried on by the male and the female in turns: with some birds, however, the male only sits long enough to allow the female to provide herself with food. In the goose tribe the female 10alone incubates, and after once sitting on the eggs she continues brooding until they are hatched.
The nests of all marsh-birds are built in districts fenny and well supplied with grass; consequently, the mother-bird while sitting quiet on her eggs can provide herself with food without having to submit to absolute fasting.
With 15the crow also the female alone broods, and broods throughout the whole period; the male bird supports the female, bringing her food and feeding her. The female of the ring-dove begins to brood in the afternoon and broods through the entire night until breakfast-time of the following day; the male broods during the 20rest of the time. Partridges build a nest in two compartments; the male broods on the one and the female on the other. After hatching, each of the parent birds rears its brood. But the male, when he first takes his young out of the nest, treads them.
The nests of all marsh-birds are built in districts fenny and well supplied with grass; consequently, the mother-bird while sitting quiet on her eggs can provide herself with food without having to submit to absolute fasting.
With 15the crow also the female alone broods, and broods throughout the whole period; the male bird supports the female, bringing her food and feeding her. The female of the ring-dove begins to brood in the afternoon and broods through the entire night until breakfast-time of the following day; the male broods during the 20rest of the time. Partridges build a nest in two compartments; the male broods on the one and the female on the other. After hatching, each of the parent birds rears its brood. But the male, when he first takes his young out of the nest, treads them.
Book 6,Chapter 9 (564a25–564b13)
25 Ὁ δὲ ταὼς ζῇ μὲν περὶ πέντε καὶ εἴκοσιν ἔτη, γεννᾷ
δὲ τριετὴς μάλιστα, ἐν οἷς καὶ τὴν ποικιλίαν τῶν πτερῶν
ἀπολαμβάνει· ἐκλέπει δ' ἐν τριάκονθ' ἡμέραις ἢ μικρῷ
πλείοσιν. Ἅπαξ δὲ τοῦ ἔτους μόνον τίκτει· τίκτει δ' ᾠὰ δώδεκα
ἢ μικρῷ ἐλάττω· τίκτει δὲ διαλείπων δύο ἢ τρεῖς ἡμέρας
30 καὶ οὐκ ἐφεξῆς· αἱ δὲ πρωτοτόκοι μάλιστα περὶ ὀκτὼ
ᾠά. Τίκτουσι δ' οἱ ταῲ καὶ ὑπηνέμια. Ὀχεύονται δὲ περὶ τὸ ἔαρ·
γίνεται δὲ καὶ ὁ τόκος εὐθέως μετὰ τὴν ὀχείαν. Πτερορρυεῖ
Peafowl live for about twenty-five years, breed about the third year, and 25at the same time take on their spangled plumage. They hatch their eggs within thirty days or rather more. The peahen lays but once a year, and lays twelve eggs, or may be a slightly lesser number: she does not lay all the eggs there and then one after the other, but at intervals of two or three days. Such as lay for the 30first time lay about eight eggs. The peahen lays wind-eggs. They pair in the spring; and laying begins immediately after pairing.
564b
1 δ' ἅμα τοῖς πρώτοις τῶν δένδρων καὶ ἄρχεται αὖθις
ἀπολαμβάνειν τὴν πτέρωσιν ἅμα τῇ τούτων βλαστήσει. Ἀλεκτορίδι
δ' ὑποτιθέασιν αὐτῶν τὰ ᾠὰ ἐπῳάζειν οἱ τρέφοντες διὰ
τὸ τὸν ἄρρενα τῆς θηλείας τοῦτο δρώσης ἐπιπετόμενον συντρίβειν·
5 διὰ ταύτην δὲ τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τῶν ἀγρίων ἔνιοι ὀρνίθων
ἀποδιδράσκοντες τοὺς ἄρρενας τίκτουσι καὶ ἐπῳάζουσιν.
Ὑποτίθεται δὲ τῇ ὄρνιθι μάλιστα δύο ᾠά· τοσαῦτα γὰρ
μόνα δύναται ἐπῳάζουσα ἐξάγειν. Ἐπιμελοῦνται δ' ὅπως μὴ
καταβαίνουσα διαλίπῃ τὸν ἐπῳασμόν, παρατιθέντες τροφήν.
10 Οἱ δ' ὄρνιθες περὶ τὴν ὀχείαν τοὺς ὄρχεις μείζους ἴσχουσιν
[ἐπιδήλως], οἱ μὲν μᾶλλον ὀχευτικοὶ καὶ μᾶλλον ἐπιδήλως,
οἷον ἀλεκτρυόνες καὶ πέρδικες, οἱ δὲ μὴ συνεχῶς, ἧττον.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς τῶν ὀρνίθων κυήσεως καὶ γενέσεως τοῦτον
ἔχει τὸν τρόπον,
1The bird moults when the earliest trees are shedding their leaves, and recovers its plumage when the same trees are recovering their foliage. People that rear peafowl put the eggs under the barn-door hen, owing to the fact that when the peahen is brooding over them the peacock attacks her and tries to trample 5on them; owing to this circumstance some birds of wild varieties run away from the males and lay their eggs and brood in solitude. Only two eggs are put under a barn-door hen, for she could not brood over and hatch a large number. They take every precaution, by supplying her with food, to prevent her going off the eggs and discontinuing the brooding.
With male birds about pairing 10time the testicles are obviously larger than at other times, and this is conspicuously the case with the more salacious birds, such as the barn-door cock and the cock partridge; the peculiarity is less conspicuous in such birds as are intermittent in regard to pairing.
With male birds about pairing 10time the testicles are obviously larger than at other times, and this is conspicuously the case with the more salacious birds, such as the barn-door cock and the cock partridge; the peculiarity is less conspicuous in such birds as are intermittent in regard to pairing.
Book 6,Chapter 10 (564b14–566a1)
οἱ δ' ἰχθύες ὅτι μὲν οὐ πάντες ᾠοτοκοῦσιν,
15 εἴρηται πρότερον. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ σελάχη ζῳοτοκεῖ, τὸ δὲ
τῶν ἄλλων γένος ἰχθύων ᾠοτοκεῖ. Ζῳοτοκεῖ δὲ τὰ σελάχη
πρότερον ᾠοτοκήσαντα ἐν αὑτοῖς, καὶ ἐκτρέφουσιν ἐν αὑτοῖς,
πλὴν βατράχου. Ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ τὰς ὑστέρας, ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς
ἄνω ἐλέχθη, διαφόρους οἱ ἰχθύες· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ᾠοτοκοῦντα
20 δικρόας ἔχει καὶ κάτω, τὰ δὲ σελάχη ὀρνιθωδεστέρας. Διαφέρει
δὲ τῆς τῶν ὀρνίθων ὑστέρας, ὅτι οὐ πρὸς τῷ ὑποζώματι
ἐνίοις συνίσταται τὰ ᾠά, ἀλλὰ μεταξὺ κατὰ τὴν ῥάχιν,
ἐκεῖθεν δ' αὐξανόμενα μεταβαίνει. Τὸ δ' ᾠὸν γίνεται πάντων
τῶν ἰχθύων οὐ δίχρων ἀλλὰ μονόχρων, λευκότερον δ' ἢ ὠχρότερον,
25 καὶ πρότερον καὶ ὅταν ἐνῇ ὁ νεοττός. Διαφέρει
δ' ἡ γένεσις ἡ ἐκ τοῦ ᾠοῦ τοῦ τῶν ἰχθύων καὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων, ᾗ
οὐκ ἔχει τὸν ἕτερον ὀμφαλὸν τείνοντα πρὸς τὸν ὑμένα τὸν
ὑπὸ τὸ ὄστρακον· τὸν δ' εἰς τὸ ὠχρὸν τοῖς ὄρνισι τείνοντα πόρον,
τοῦτον ἔχει τοῖν δυοῖν μόνον. Ἡ δ' ἄλλη γένεσις ἤδη πᾶσα
30 ἡ αὐτὴ ἡ ἐκ τοῦ ᾠοῦ τῶν τ' ὀρνίθων καὶ τῶν ἰχθύων· ἐπ'
ἄκρῳ τε γὰρ τούτου γίνεται, καὶ αἱ φλέβες ὁμοίως τείνουσιν
ἐκ τῆς καρδίας πρῶτον, καὶ ἡ κεφαλὴ καὶ τὰ ὄμματα καὶ
So much for the conception and generation of birds. It has been previously stated that fishes are not all oviparous. 15Fishes of the cartilaginous genus are viviparous; the rest are oviparous. And cartilaginous fishes are first oviparous internally and subsequently viviparous; they rear the embryos internally, the batrachus or fishing-frog being an exception.
Fishes also, as was above stated, are provided with wombs, and wombs of diverse kinds. The oviparous genera have wombs bifurcate in shape and 20low down in position; the cartilaginous genus have wombs shaped like those of O birds. The womb, however, in the cartilaginous fishes differs in this respect from the womb of birds, that with some cartilaginous fishes the eggs do not settle close to the diaphragm but middle-ways along the backbone, and as they grow they shift their position.
The egg with all fishes is not of two 25colours within but is of even hue; and the colour is nearer to white than to yellow, and that both when the young is inside it and previously as well.
Development from the egg in fishes differs from that in birds in this respect, that it does not exhibit that one of the two navel-strings that leads off to the membrane that lies close under the shell, while it does exhibit that one of 30the two that in the case of birds leads off to the yolk. In a general way the rest of the development from the egg onwards is identical in birds and fishes.
Fishes also, as was above stated, are provided with wombs, and wombs of diverse kinds. The oviparous genera have wombs bifurcate in shape and 20low down in position; the cartilaginous genus have wombs shaped like those of O birds. The womb, however, in the cartilaginous fishes differs in this respect from the womb of birds, that with some cartilaginous fishes the eggs do not settle close to the diaphragm but middle-ways along the backbone, and as they grow they shift their position.
The egg with all fishes is not of two 25colours within but is of even hue; and the colour is nearer to white than to yellow, and that both when the young is inside it and previously as well.
Development from the egg in fishes differs from that in birds in this respect, that it does not exhibit that one of the two navel-strings that leads off to the membrane that lies close under the shell, while it does exhibit that one of 30the two that in the case of birds leads off to the yolk. In a general way the rest of the development from the egg onwards is identical in birds and fishes.
565a
1 τὰ ἄνω μέγιστα γίνεται τὸ πρῶτον· ὁμοίως δ' αὐξανομένου
ἀεὶ ἔλαττον γίνεται τὸ ᾠόν, καὶ τέλος ἀφανίζεται καὶ εἰςδύεται
ἔσω, καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς ὄρνισιν ὁ νεοττὸς καλούμενος. Προσπέφυκε
δὲ καὶ ὁ ὀμφαλὸς μικρὸν κατώτερον τοῦ στόματος
5 τῆς γαστρός. Ἔστι δὲ νέοις μὲν οὖσιν ὁ ὀμφαλὸς μακρός, αὐξανομένοις
δ' ἐλάττων, καὶ τέλος μικρός, ἕως ἂν εἰσέλθῃ, καθάπερ
ἐλέχθη ἐπὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων. Περιέχεται δὲ τὸ ἔμβρυον
καὶ τὸ ᾠὸν ὑμένι κοινῷ· ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦτον ἄλλος ἐστὶν ὑμήν, ὃς
περιέχει ἰδίᾳ τὸ ἔμβρυον· μεταξὺ δὲ τῶν ὑμένων ἔνεστιν
10 ὑγρότης. Καὶ ἡ τροφὴ δ' ὁμοία γίνεται τοῖς ἰχθυδίοις ἐν τῇ
κοιλίᾳ ὥσπερ τοῖς τῶν ὀρνίθων νεοττοῖς, ἡ μὲν λευκὴ ἡ δ'
ὠχρά. Τὸ μὲν οὖν σχῆμα τῆς ὑστέρας ὡς ἔχει, ἐκ τῶν ἀνατομῶν
θεωρείσθω· διαφορὰ δ' ἐστὶν αὐτοῖς πρὸς αὑτούς, οἷον
τοῖς γαλεώδεσι καὶ πρὸς αὑτοὺς καὶ πρὸς τὰ πλατέα. Ἐνίοις
15 μὲν γὰρ ἐν τῷ μέσῳ τῆς ὑστέρας περὶ τὴν ῥάχιν προσπέφυκε
τὰ ᾠά, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, οἷον τοῖς σκυλίοις· αὐξανόμενα
δὲ περιέρχεται. Οὔσης δὲ δικρόας τῆς ὑστέρας καὶ προςπεφυκυίας
πρὸς τῷ ὑποζώματι, ὥσπερ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν
τοιούτων, περιέρχεται εἰς ἑκάτερον τὸ μέρος. Ἔχει δ' ἡ ὑστέρα
20 καὶ αὕτη καὶ ἡ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν γαλεοειδῶν μικρὸν προελθόντι
ἀπὸ τοῦ ὑποζώματος οἷον μαστοὺς λευκούς, οἳ κυημάτων
μὴ ἐνόντων οὐκ ἐγγίνονται. Τὰ μὲν σκύλια καὶ αἱ βατίδες
ἴσχουσι τὰ ὀστρακώδη, ἐν οἷς ἐγγίνεται ᾠώδης ὑγρότης·
τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τοῦ ὀστράκου ὅμοιον ταῖς τῶν αὐλῶν γλώτταις,
25 καὶ πόροι τριχώδεις ἐγγίνονται τοῖς ὀστράκοις. Τοῖς μὲν οὖν
σκυλίοις, οὓς καλοῦσί τινες νεβρίας γαλεούς, ὅταν περιρραγῇ
καὶ ἐκπέσῃ τὸ ὄστρακον, γίνονται οἱ νεοττοί· ταῖς δὲ βατίσιν,
ὅταν ἐκτέκωσι, τοῦ ὀστράκου περιρραγέντος ἐξέρχεται ὁ
νεοττός. Ὁ δ' ἀκανθίας γαλεὸς πρὸς τῷ ὑποζώματι ἔχει
30 τὰ ᾠὰ ἄνωθεν τῶν μαστῶν· ὅταν δὲ καταβῇ τὸ ᾠόν, ἐπὶ
τούτῳ ἀπολελυμένῳ γίνεται ὁ νεοττός. Τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον
1That is to say, development takes place at the upper part of the egg, and the veins extend in like manner, at first from the heart; and at first the head, the eyes, and the upper parts are largest; and as the creature grows the egg-substance decreases and eventually disappears, and becomes absorbed within the 5embryo, just as takes place with the yolk in birds.
The navel-string is attached a little way below the aperture of the belly. When the creatures are young the navel-string is long, but as they grow it diminishes in size; at length it gets small and becomes incorporated, as was described in the case of birds. The embryo and the egg are enveloped by a common membrane, and just under this is 10another membrane that envelops the embryo by itself; and in between the two membranes is a liquid. The food inside the stomach of the little fishes resembles that inside the stomach of young chicks, and is partly white and partly yellow.
As regards the shape of the womb, the reader is referred to my treatise on Anatomy. The womb, however, is diverse in diverse fishes, as for instance in the 15sharks as compared one with another or as compared with the skate. That is to say, in some sharks the eggs adhere in the middle of the womb round about the backbone, as has been stated, and this is the case with the dog-fish; as the eggs grow they shift their place; and since the womb is bifurcate and adheres to the midriff, as in the rest of similar creatures, the eggs pass into one or other 20of the two compartments. This womb and the womb of the other sharks exhibit, as you go a little way off from the midriff, something resembling white breasts, which never make their appearance unless there be conception.
Dog-fish and skate have a kind of egg-shell, in the which is found an egg-like liquid. The shape of the egg-shell resembles the tongue of a bagpipe, and hair-like ducts are 25attached to the shell. With the dog-fish which is called by some the 'dappled shark', the young are born when the shell-formation breaks in pieces and falls out; with the ray, after it has laid the egg the shell-formation breaks up and the young move out. The spiny dog-fish has its close to the midriff above the breast like formations; when the egg descends, as soon as it gets detached the 30young is born. The mode of generation is the same in the case of the fox-shark.
The navel-string is attached a little way below the aperture of the belly. When the creatures are young the navel-string is long, but as they grow it diminishes in size; at length it gets small and becomes incorporated, as was described in the case of birds. The embryo and the egg are enveloped by a common membrane, and just under this is 10another membrane that envelops the embryo by itself; and in between the two membranes is a liquid. The food inside the stomach of the little fishes resembles that inside the stomach of young chicks, and is partly white and partly yellow.
As regards the shape of the womb, the reader is referred to my treatise on Anatomy. The womb, however, is diverse in diverse fishes, as for instance in the 15sharks as compared one with another or as compared with the skate. That is to say, in some sharks the eggs adhere in the middle of the womb round about the backbone, as has been stated, and this is the case with the dog-fish; as the eggs grow they shift their place; and since the womb is bifurcate and adheres to the midriff, as in the rest of similar creatures, the eggs pass into one or other 20of the two compartments. This womb and the womb of the other sharks exhibit, as you go a little way off from the midriff, something resembling white breasts, which never make their appearance unless there be conception.
Dog-fish and skate have a kind of egg-shell, in the which is found an egg-like liquid. The shape of the egg-shell resembles the tongue of a bagpipe, and hair-like ducts are 25attached to the shell. With the dog-fish which is called by some the 'dappled shark', the young are born when the shell-formation breaks in pieces and falls out; with the ray, after it has laid the egg the shell-formation breaks up and the young move out. The spiny dog-fish has its close to the midriff above the breast like formations; when the egg descends, as soon as it gets detached the 30young is born. The mode of generation is the same in the case of the fox-shark.
565b
1 συμβαίνει ἡ γένεσις καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀλωπέκων. Οἱ δὲ καλούμενοι
λεῖοι τῶν γαλεῶν τὰ μὲν ᾠὰ ἴσχουσι μεταξὺ τῶν ὑστερῶν
ὁμοίως τοῖς σκυλίοις, περιιόντα δὲ ταῦτα εἰς ἑκατέραν
τὴν δικρόαν τῆς ὑστέρας καταβαίνει, καὶ τὰ ζῷα γίνεται τὸν
5 ὀμφαλὸν ἔχοντα πρὸς τῇ ὑστέρᾳ, ὥστε ἀναλισκομένων τῶν
ᾠῶν ὁμοίως δοκεῖν ἔχειν τὸ ἔμβρυον τοῖς τετράποσιν. Προςπέφυκε
δὲ μακρὸς ὢν ὁ ὀμφαλὸς τῆς μὲν ὑστέρας πρὸς τῷ
κάτω μέρει, ὥσπερ ἐκ κοτυληδόνος ἕκαστος ἠρτημένος, τοῦ
δ' ἐμβρύου κατὰ τὸ μέσον, ᾗ τὸ ἧπαρ. Ἡ δὲ τροφὴ ἀνατεμνομένου,
10 κἂν μηκέτ' ἔχῃ τὸ ᾠόν, ᾠώδης. Χόριον δὲ καὶ
ὑμένες ἴδιοι περὶ ἕκαστον γίνονται τῶν ἐμβρύων, καθάπερ ἐπὶ
τῶν τετραπόδων. Ἔχει δὲ τὰ ἔμβρυα τὴν κεφαλὴν νέα μὲν
ὄντα ἄνω, ἁδρυνόμενα δὲ καὶ τέλεα ὄντα κάτω. Ἐγγίνεται
δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀριστερᾷ ἄρρενα καὶ ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ θήλεα, καὶ ἐν
15 τῇ αὐτῇ ἅμα θήλεα καὶ ἄρρενα. Καὶ τὰ ἔμβρυα διαιρούμενα,
ὁμοίως ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν τετραπόδων, ἔχει τῶν σπλάγχνων
ὅσα ἔχει μεγάλα, οἷον τὸ ἧπαρ, καὶ αἱματώδη. Πάντα
δὲ τὰ σελαχώδη ἅμα ἔχουσιν ἄνω μὲν πρὸς τῷ ὑποζώματι
ᾠά, τὰ μὲν μείζω τὰ δ' ἐλάττω, πολλά, κάτω
20 δ' ἔμβρυα ἤδη· διὸ πολλοὶ κατὰ μῆνα τίκτειν καὶ ὀχεύεσθαι
οἴονται τοὺς τοιούτους τῶν ἰχθύων, ὅτι οὐχ ἅμα πάντα
προΐενται, ἀλλὰ πολλάκις καὶ πολὺν χρόνον. Τὰ δὲ κάτω
ἐν τῇ ὑστέρᾳ ἅμα πέττεται καὶ τελεσιουργεῖται. Οἱ μὲν οὖν
ἄλλοι γαλεοὶ καὶ ἐξαφιᾶσι καὶ δέχονται εἰς ἑαυτοὺς τοὺς
25 νεοττούς, καὶ αἱ ῥῖναι καὶ αἱ νάρκαι (ἤδη δ' ὤφθη νάρκη
μεγάλη περὶ ὀγδοήκοντα ἔχουσα ἐν ἑαυτῇ ἔμβρυα), ὁ δ'
ἀκανθίας οὐκ εἰσδέχεται μόνος τῶν γαλεῶν διὰ τὴν ἄκανθαν.
Τῶν δὲ πλατέων τρυγὼν καὶ βάτος οὐ δέχονται διὰ τὴν τραχύτητα
τῆς κέρκου. Οὐκ εἰσδέχεται δ' οὐδὲ βάτραχος τοὺς
30 νεοττοὺς διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τῆς κεφαλῆς καὶ τὰς ἀκάνθας· οὐδὲ
γὰρ ζῳοτοκεῖ μόνος τούτων, ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον. Αἱ μὲν
1The so-called smooth shark has its eggs in betwixt the wombs like the dog-fish; these eggs shift into each of the two horns of the womb and descend, and the young develop with the navel-string attached to the womb, so that, as the egg-substance gets used up, the embryo is sustained to all appearance just as in 5the case of quadrupeds. The navel-string is long and adheres to the under part of the womb (each navel-string being attached as it were by a sucker), and also to the centre of the embryo in the place where the liver is situated. If the embryo be cut open, even though it has the egg-substance no longer, the food inside is egg-like in appearance. Each embryo, as in the case of quadrupeds, 10is provided with a chorion and separate membranes. When young the embryo has its head upwards, but downwards when it gets strong and is completed in form. Males are generated on the left-hand side of the womb, and females on the right-hand side, and males and females on the same side together. If the embryo be cut open, then, as with quadrupeds, such internal organs as it is furnished 15with, as for instance the liver, are found to be large and supplied with blood.
All cartilaginous fishes have at one and the same time eggs above close to the midriff (some larger, some smaller), in considerable numbers, and also embryos lower down. And this circumstance leads many to suppose that fishes of this species pair and bear young every month, inasmuch as they do not produce 20all their young at once, but now and again and over a lengthened period. But such eggs as have come down below within the womb are simultaneously ripened and completed in growth.
Dog-fish in general can extrude and take in again their young, as can also the angel-fish and the electric ray-and, by the way, a large electric ray has been seen with about eighty embryos inside it-but the 25spiny dogfish is an exception to the rule, being prevented by the spine of the young fish from so doing. Of the flat cartilaginous fish, the trygon and the ray cannot extrude and take in again in consequence of the roughness of the tails of the young. The batrachus or fishing-frog also is unable to take in its young owing to the size of the head and the prickles; and, by the way, as was 30previously remarked, it is the only one of these fishes that is not viviparous.
All cartilaginous fishes have at one and the same time eggs above close to the midriff (some larger, some smaller), in considerable numbers, and also embryos lower down. And this circumstance leads many to suppose that fishes of this species pair and bear young every month, inasmuch as they do not produce 20all their young at once, but now and again and over a lengthened period. But such eggs as have come down below within the womb are simultaneously ripened and completed in growth.
Dog-fish in general can extrude and take in again their young, as can also the angel-fish and the electric ray-and, by the way, a large electric ray has been seen with about eighty embryos inside it-but the 25spiny dogfish is an exception to the rule, being prevented by the spine of the young fish from so doing. Of the flat cartilaginous fish, the trygon and the ray cannot extrude and take in again in consequence of the roughness of the tails of the young. The batrachus or fishing-frog also is unable to take in its young owing to the size of the head and the prickles; and, by the way, as was 30previously remarked, it is the only one of these fishes that is not viviparous.
566a
1 οὖν πρὸς ἄλληλα διαφοραὶ τοῦτον ἔχουσι τὸν τρόπον
αὐτῶν, καὶ ἡ γένεσις ἡ ἐκ τῶν ᾠῶν.
1So much for the varieties of the cartilaginous species and for their modes of generation from the egg.
Book 6,Chapter 11 (566a2–566b1)
Οἱ δ' ἄρρενες περὶ τὸν χρόνον
τῆς ὀχείας τοὺς πόρους ἔχουσι θοροῦ πλήρεις οὕτως ὥστε θλιβομένων
ἔξω ῥεῖν τὸ σπέρμα λευκόν. Εἰσὶ δ' οἱ πόροι δίκροοι,
5 ἀπὸ τοῦ ὑποζώματος καὶ τῆς μεγάλης φλεβὸς ἔχοντες τὴν
ἀρχήν. Περὶ μὲν οὖν τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον ἤδη διάδηλοι πρὸς τὴν
τῶν θηλειῶν ὑστέραν εἰσὶν οἱ πόροι τῶν ἀρρένων, ὅταν δὲ μὴ
αὐτὴ ἡ ὥρα, ἧττον διάδηλοι τῷ μὴ συνήθει· πάμπαν γὰρ
ἐν ἐνίοις καὶ ἐνίοτε ἄδηλοι γίνονται, ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη περὶ τῶν
10 ὄρχεων ἐν τοῖς ὄρνισιν. Ἔχουσι δὲ διαφορὰς καὶ ἄλλας μὲν
πρὸς ἄλληλα οἵ τε θορικοὶ πόροι καὶ οἱ ὑστερικοί, καὶ ὅτι
οἱ μὲν προσπεφύκασι τῇ ὀσφύϊ, οἱ δὲ τῶν θηλειῶν πόροι εὐκίνητοί
εἰσι καὶ λεπτῷ ὑμένι προσειλημμένοι. Θεωρείσθωσαν
δὲ καὶ οἱ τῶν ἀρρένων πόροι, ὡς ἔχουσιν, ἐκ τῶν ἐν ταῖς
15 ἀνατομαῖς διαγεγραμμένων. Ἐπικυΐσκεται δὲ τὰ σελάχη,
καὶ κύει τοὺς πλείστους μῆνας ἕξ. Πλειστάκις δ' ἀποτίκτει ὁ
καλούμενος τῶν γαλεῶν ἀστερίας· ἀποτίκτει γὰρ δὶς τοῦ μηνός.
Ἄρχονται δ' ὀχεύεσθαι μηνὸς Μαιμακτηριῶνος. Οἱ δ'
ἄλλοι γαλεοὶ δὶς τίκτουσι, πλὴν τοῦ σκυλίου· οὗτος δ' ἅπαξ
20 τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ. Τίκτουσι δὲ τὰ μὲν τοῦ ἔαρος αὐτῶν, ῥίνη δὲ
καὶ τοῦ μετοπώρου πρὸς δύσιν Πλειάδος χειμερινὴν τὸ ὕστερον,
τὸ δὲ πρῶτον τοῦ ἔαρος· εὐθηνεῖ δ' αὐτῆς μάλιστα μὲν
ὁ γόνος ὁ ὕστερος· αἱ δὲ νάρκαι περὶ τὸ φθινόπωρον. Ἐκτίκτει
δὲ τὰ σελάχη πρὸς τὴν γῆν ἐκ τοῦ πελάγους καὶ τῶν
25 βαθέων ἐπανιόντα διά τε τὴν ἀλέαν καὶ διὰ τὸ φοβεῖσθαι
περὶ τῶν τέκνων. Τῶν μὲν οὖν ἄλλων ἰχθύων παρὰ τὰς συγγενείας
οὐδὲν ὦπται συνδυαζόμενον, ῥίνη δὲ δοκεῖ μόνη τοῦτο
ποιεῖν καὶ βάτος· ἔστι γάρ τις ἰχθὺς ὃς καλεῖται ῥινόβατος·
ἔχει γὰρ τὴν μὲν κεφαλὴν καὶ τὰ ἔμπροσθεν βάτου,
30 τὰ δ' ὄπισθεν ῥίνης, ὡς γινόμενος ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων τούτων. Οἱ
μὲν οὖν γαλεοὶ καὶ οἱ γαλεοειδεῖς, οἷον ἀλώπηξ καὶ κύων,
καὶ οἱ πλατεῖς ἰχθύες, νάρκη καὶ βάτος καὶ λειόβατος
At the breeding season the sperm-ducts of the male are filled with sperm, so much so that if they be squeezed the sperm flows out spontaneously as a white fluid; the ducts are bifurcate, and start from the midriff and the 5great vein. About this period the sperm-ducts of the male are quite distinct (from the womb of the female) but at any other than the actual breeding time their distinctness is not obvious to a non-expert. The fact is that in certain fishes at certain times these organs are imperceptible, as was stated regarding the testicles of birds.
Among other distinctions observed between the thoric ducts and the 10womb-ducts is the circumstance that the thoric ducts are attached to the loins, while the womb-ducts move about freely and are attached by a thin membrane. The particulars regarding the thoric ducts may be studied by a reference to the diagrams in my treatise on Anatomy.
Cartilaginous fishes are capable of superfoetation, and their period of gestation is six months at the longest. The so-called starry 15dogfish bears young the most frequently; in other words it bears twice a month. The breeding season is in the month of Maemacterion. The dog-fish as a general rule bear twice in the year, with the exception of the little dog-fish, which bears only once a year. Some of them bring forth in the springtime. The rhine, or angel-fish, bears its first brood in the springtime, and its second in the autumn, 20about the winter setting of the Pleiads; the second brood is the stronger of the two. The electric ray brings forth in the late autumn.
Cartilaginous fishes come out from the main seas and deep waters towards the shore and there bring forth their young, and they do so for the sake of warmth and by way of protection for their young.
Observations would lead to the general rule that no one variety of fish 25pairs with another variety. The angel-fish, however, and the batus or skate appear to pair with one another; for there is a fish called the rhinobatus, with the head and front parts of the skate and the after parts of the rhine or angel-fish, just as though it were made up of both fishes together.
Sharks then and their congeners, as the fox-shark and the dog-fish, and the flat fishes, such as the electric 30ray, the ray, the smooth skate, and the trygon, are first oviparous and then viviparous in the way above mentioned, (as are also the saw-fish and the ox-ray.)
Among other distinctions observed between the thoric ducts and the 10womb-ducts is the circumstance that the thoric ducts are attached to the loins, while the womb-ducts move about freely and are attached by a thin membrane. The particulars regarding the thoric ducts may be studied by a reference to the diagrams in my treatise on Anatomy.
Cartilaginous fishes are capable of superfoetation, and their period of gestation is six months at the longest. The so-called starry 15dogfish bears young the most frequently; in other words it bears twice a month. The breeding season is in the month of Maemacterion. The dog-fish as a general rule bear twice in the year, with the exception of the little dog-fish, which bears only once a year. Some of them bring forth in the springtime. The rhine, or angel-fish, bears its first brood in the springtime, and its second in the autumn, 20about the winter setting of the Pleiads; the second brood is the stronger of the two. The electric ray brings forth in the late autumn.
Cartilaginous fishes come out from the main seas and deep waters towards the shore and there bring forth their young, and they do so for the sake of warmth and by way of protection for their young.
Observations would lead to the general rule that no one variety of fish 25pairs with another variety. The angel-fish, however, and the batus or skate appear to pair with one another; for there is a fish called the rhinobatus, with the head and front parts of the skate and the after parts of the rhine or angel-fish, just as though it were made up of both fishes together.
Sharks then and their congeners, as the fox-shark and the dog-fish, and the flat fishes, such as the electric 30ray, the ray, the smooth skate, and the trygon, are first oviparous and then viviparous in the way above mentioned, (as are also the saw-fish and the ox-ray.)
566b
1 καὶ τρυγών, τὸν εἰρημένον τρόπον ζῳοτοκοῦσιν ᾠοτοκήσαντες.
Book 6,Chapter 12 (566b2–567a16)
Δελφὶς δὲ καὶ φάλαινα καὶ τὰ ἄλλα κήτη, ὅσα μὴ
ἔχει βράγχια ἀλλὰ φυσητῆρα, ζῳοτοκοῦσιν, ἔτι δὲ πρίστις
καὶ βοῦς· οὐδὲν γὰρ τούτων φαίνεται ἔχον ᾠά, ἀλλ' εὐθέως
5 κύημα, ἐξ οὗ διαρθρουμένου γίνεται τὸ ζῷον, καθάπερ ἄνθρωπος
καὶ τῶν τετραπόδων τὰ ζῳοτόκα. Τίκτει δ' ὁ μὲν δελφὶς
τὰ μὲν πολλὰ ἕν, ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ δύο· ἡ δὲ φάλαινα ἢ
δύο τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ πλεονάκις, ἢ ἕν. Ὁμοίως δὲ τῷ δελφῖνι
καὶ ἡ φώκαινα· καὶ γάρ ἐστιν ὅμοιον δελφῖνι μικρῷ, γίνεται
10 δ' ἐν τῷ Πόντῳ. Διαφέρει δὲ φώκαινα δελφῖνος· ἔστι γὰρ τὸ
μέγεθος ἔλαττον, εὐρύτερον δ' ἐκ τοῦ νώτου· τὸ χρῶμα ἔχει
κυανοῦν. Πολλοὶ δὲ δελφίνων τι γένος εἶναί φασι τὴν φώκαιναν.
Ἀναπνεῖ δὲ πάντα ὅσα ἔχει φυσητῆρα, καὶ δέχεται
τὸν ἀέρα· πλεύμονα γὰρ ἔχουσιν. Καὶ ὅ γε δελφὶς
15 ὦπται, ὅταν καθεύδῃ, ὑπερέχων τὸ ῥύγχος, καὶ ῥέγχει
καθεύδων. Ἔχει δ' ὁ δελφὶς καὶ ἡ φώκαινα γάλα, καὶ
θηλάζονται· καὶ εἰσδέχονται δὲ τὰ τέκνα μικρὰ ὄντα. Τὴν
δ' αὔξησιν τὰ τέκνα τῶν δελφίνων ποιοῦνται ταχεῖαν· ἐν
ἔτεσι γὰρ δέκα μέγεθος λαμβάνουσι τέλεον. Κύει δὲ δέκα
20 μῆνας. Τίκτει δ' ὁ δελφὶς ἐν τῷ θέρει, ἐν ἄλλῃ δ' ὥρᾳ
οὐδεμιᾷ· συμβαίνει δὲ καὶ ἀφανίζεσθαι αὐτὸν ὑπὸ κύνα
περὶ τριάκονθ' ἡμέρας. Παρακολουθεῖ δὲ τὰ τέκνα πολὺν
χρόνον, καὶ ἔστι τὸ ζῷον φιλότεκνον. Ζῇ δ' ἔτη πολλά· δῆλοι
γὰρ ἔνιοι γεγόνασι βιοῦντες οἱ μὲν πλείω ἔτη ἢ πέντε καὶ
25 εἴκοσιν, οἱ δὲ τριάκοντα· ἀποκόπτοντες γὰρ ἐνίων τὸ οὐραῖον
οἱ ἁλιεῖς ἀφιᾶσιν, ὥστε τούτῳ γνωρίζουσι τοὺς χρόνους αὐτῶν.
Ἡ δὲ φώκη ἐστὶ τῶν ἐπαμφοτεριζόντων ζῴων· οὐ δέχεται
μὲν γὰρ τὸ ὕδωρ, ἀλλ' ἀναπνεῖ καὶ καθεύδει καὶ τίκτει
ἐν τῇ γῇ μέν, πρὸς αἰγιαλοῖς δέ, ὡς οὖσα τῶν πεζῶν,
30 διατρίβει δὲ τοῦ χρόνου τὸν πολὺν καὶ τρέφεται ἐκ τῆς θαλάττης,
διὸ μετὰ τῶν ἐνύδρων περὶ αὐτῆς λεκτέον. Ζῳοτοκεῖ
μὲν οὖν εὐθὺς ἐν αὑτῇ, καὶ τίκτει ζῷα, καὶ χόριον καὶ
1The dolphin, the whale, and all the rest of the Cetacea, all, that is to say, that are provided with a blow-hole instead of gills, are viviparous. That is to say, no one of all these fishes is ever seen to be supplied with eggs, but directly with an embryo from whose 5differentiation comes the fish, just as in the case of mankind and the viviparous quadrupeds.
The dolphin bears one at a time generally, but occasionally two. The whale bears one or at the most two, generally two. The porpoise in this respect resembles the dolphin, and, by the way, it is in form like a little dolphin, and is found in 10the Euxine; it differs, however, from the dolphin as being less in size and broader in the back; its colour is leaden-black. Many people are of opinion that the porpoise is a variety of the dolphin.
All creatures that have a blow-hole respire and inspire, for they are provided with lungs. The dolphin has been seen asleep with his nose 15above water, and when asleep he snores.
The dolphin and the porpoise are provided with milk, and suckle their young. They also take their young, when small, inside them. The young of the dolphin grow rapidly, being full grown at ten years of age. Its period of gestation is ten months. It brings forth its young summer, and never at any 20other season; (and, singularly enough, under the Dogstar it disappears for about thirty days). Its young accompany it for a considerable period; and, in fact, the creature is remarkable for the strength of its parental affection. It lives for many years; some are known to have lived for more than twenty-five, and some for thirty years; 25the fact is fishermen nick their tails sometimes and set them adrift again, and by this expedient their ages are ascertained.
The seal is an amphibious animal: that is to say, it cannot take in water, but breathes and sleeps and brings forth on dry land-only close to the shore-as being an animal furnished with feet; it spends, however, 30the greater part of its time in the sea and derives its food from it, so that it must be classed in the category of marine animals.
The dolphin bears one at a time generally, but occasionally two. The whale bears one or at the most two, generally two. The porpoise in this respect resembles the dolphin, and, by the way, it is in form like a little dolphin, and is found in 10the Euxine; it differs, however, from the dolphin as being less in size and broader in the back; its colour is leaden-black. Many people are of opinion that the porpoise is a variety of the dolphin.
All creatures that have a blow-hole respire and inspire, for they are provided with lungs. The dolphin has been seen asleep with his nose 15above water, and when asleep he snores.
The dolphin and the porpoise are provided with milk, and suckle their young. They also take their young, when small, inside them. The young of the dolphin grow rapidly, being full grown at ten years of age. Its period of gestation is ten months. It brings forth its young summer, and never at any 20other season; (and, singularly enough, under the Dogstar it disappears for about thirty days). Its young accompany it for a considerable period; and, in fact, the creature is remarkable for the strength of its parental affection. It lives for many years; some are known to have lived for more than twenty-five, and some for thirty years; 25the fact is fishermen nick their tails sometimes and set them adrift again, and by this expedient their ages are ascertained.
The seal is an amphibious animal: that is to say, it cannot take in water, but breathes and sleeps and brings forth on dry land-only close to the shore-as being an animal furnished with feet; it spends, however, 30the greater part of its time in the sea and derives its food from it, so that it must be classed in the category of marine animals.
567a
1 τἆλλα προΐεται ὥσπερ πρόβατον. Τίκτει δ' ἓν ἢ δύο, τὰ
δὲ πλεῖστα τρία. Καὶ μαστοὺς δ' ἔχει δύο καὶ θηλάζεται
ὑπὸ τῶν τέκνων καθάπερ τὰ τετράποδα. Τίκτει δ' ὥσπερ
ἄνθρωπος πᾶσαν ὥραν τοῦ ἔτους, μάλιστα δ' ἅμα ταῖς
5 πρώταις αἰξίν. Ἄγει δὲ περὶ δωδεκαταῖα ὄντα τὰ τέκνα εἰς
τὴν θάλατταν πολλάκις τῆς ἡμέρας, συνεθίζουσα κατὰ μικρόν·
τὰ δὲ κατάντη φέρεται, ἀλλ' οὐ βαδίζει, διὰ τὸ μὴ
δύνασθαι ἀπερείδεσθαι τοῖς ποσίν. Συνάγει δὲ καὶ συστέλλει
ἑαυτήν· σαρκῶδες γάρ ἐστι καὶ μαλακόν, καὶ ὀστᾶ χονδρώδη
10 ἔχει. Ἀποκτεῖναι δὲ φώκην χαλεπὸν βιαίως, ἐὰν
μή τις πατάξῃ παρὰ τὸν κρόταφον· τὸ γὰρ σῶμα σαρκῶδες
αὐτῆς ἐστιν. Ἀφίησι δὲ φωνὴν ὁμοίαν βοΐ. Ἔχει δὲ καὶ
τὸ αἰδοῖον ἡ θήλεια ὅμοιον προβάτῳ, πάντα δὲ τἆλλα γυναικί.
15 Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἐνύδρων καὶ ζῳοτοκούντων ἢ ἐν αὑτοῖς
ἢ ἔξω ἡ γένεσις καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν τόκον τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον.
1It is viviparous by immediate conception and brings forth its young alive, and exhibits an after-birth and all else just like a ewe. It bears one or two at a time, and three at the most. It has two teats, and suckles its young like a quadruped. Like the human species it brings forth at all seasons of the year, 5but especially at the time when the earliest kids are forthcoming. It conducts its young ones, when they are about twelve days old, over and over again during the day down to the sea, accustoming them by slow degrees to the water. It slips down steep places instead of walking, from the fact that it cannot steady itself by its feet. It can contract and draw itself in, for it is fleshy 10and soft and its bones are gristly. Owing to the flabbiness of its body it is difficult to kill a seal by a blow, unless you strike it on the temple. It looks like a cow. The female in regard to its genital organs resembles the female of the ray; in all other respects it resembles the female of the human species.
So much for the phenomena of generation and of parturition in animals that 15live in water and are viviparous either internally or externally.
So much for the phenomena of generation and of parturition in animals that 15live in water and are viviparous either internally or externally.
Book 6,Chapter 13 (567a17–568a10)
Οἱ δ' ᾠοτοκοῦντες τῶν ἰχθύων τὴν μὲν ὑστέραν δικρόαν
ἔχουσι καὶ κάτω, καθάπερ ἐλέχθη πρότερον (ᾠοτοκοῦσι δὲ
πάντες οἵ τε λεπιδωτοί, οἷον λάβραξ, κεστρεύς, κέφαλος,
20 ἐτελίς, καὶ οἱ λευκοὶ καλούμενοι πάντες, καὶ οἱ λεῖοι πλὴν
ἐγχέλυος), ᾠὸν δ' ἴσχουσι ψαθυρόν. Τοῦτο δὲ φαίνεται διὰ
τὸ τὴν ὑστέραν εἶναι πλήρη πᾶσαν ᾠῶν, ὥστ' ἔν γε τοῖς μικροῖς
τῶν ἰχθύων δοκεῖν ᾠὰ μόνον εἶναι δύο· διὰ τὴν μικρότητα
γὰρ καὶ τὴν λεπτότητα ἄδηλος ἐν αὐτοῖς ἡ ὑστέρα.
25 Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς ὀχείας πάντων τῶν ἰχθύων εἴρηται πρότερον.
Εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν ἰχθύων οἱ μὲν πλεῖστοι ἄρρενες καὶ θήλεις, περὶ
δ' ἐρυθρίνου καὶ χάννης ἀπορεῖται· πάντες γὰρ ἁλίσκονται
κυήματα ἔχοντες. Συνίσταται μὲν οὖν καὶ ὀχευομένων ᾠὰ
τοῖς συνδυαζομένοις τῶν ἰχθύων, ἴσχουσι δὲ καὶ ἄνευ ὀχείας.
30 Δηλοῦσι δ' ἔνιοι τῶν ποταμίων· εὐθὺς γὰρ γεννώμενοι ὡς εἰπεῖν
καὶ μικροὶ ὄντες οἱ φοξῖνοι κυήματ' ἔχουσιν. Ἀπορραίνουσι
δὲ τὰ ᾠὰ καί, καθάπερ λέγεται, τὰ μὲν πολλὰ οἱ
ἄρρενες ἀνακάπτουσι, τὰ δ' ἀπόλλυται ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ· ὅσα
Oviparous fishes have their womb bifurcate and placed low down, as was said previously-and, by the way, all scaly fish are oviparous, as the basse, the mullet, the grey mullet, and the etelis, and all the so-called white-fish, and all the smooth or slippery fish except the eel-and their roe is of a crumbling or granular 20substance. This appearance is due to the fact that the whole womb of such fishes is full of eggs, so that in little fishes there seem to be only a couple of eggs there; for in small fishes the womb is indistinguishable, from its diminutive size and thin contexture. The pairing of fishes has been discussed previously.
Fishes for the most part are divided into males and females, but one 25is puzzled to account for the erythrinus and the channa, for specimens of these species are never caught except in a condition of pregnancy.
With such fish as pair, eggs are the result of copulation, but such fish have them also without copulation; and this is shown in the case of some river-fish, for the minnow has eggs when quite small,-almost, one may say, as soon as it is born. These 30fishes shed their eggs little by little, and, as is stated, the males swallow the greater part of them, and some portion of them goes to waste in the water; but such of the eggs as the female deposits on the spawning beds are saved.
Fishes for the most part are divided into males and females, but one 25is puzzled to account for the erythrinus and the channa, for specimens of these species are never caught except in a condition of pregnancy.
With such fish as pair, eggs are the result of copulation, but such fish have them also without copulation; and this is shown in the case of some river-fish, for the minnow has eggs when quite small,-almost, one may say, as soon as it is born. These 30fishes shed their eggs little by little, and, as is stated, the males swallow the greater part of them, and some portion of them goes to waste in the water; but such of the eggs as the female deposits on the spawning beds are saved.
567b
1 δ' ἂν ἐκτέκωσιν εἰς τοὺς τόπους εἰς οὓς ἐκτίκτουσι, ταῦτα
σώζεται· εἰ γὰρ πάντα ἐσώζετο, παμπληθὲς ἂν τὸ γένος ἦν
ἑκάστων. Καὶ τούτων δ' οὐ γίνεται τὰ πολλὰ γόνιμα, ἀλλ'
ὅσα ἂν ἐπιρράνῃ ὁ ἄρρην τῷ θορῷ· ὅταν γὰρ ἐκτέκῃ, παρεπόμενος
5 ὁ ἄρρην ἐπιρραίνει ἐπὶ τὰ ᾠὰ τὸν θορόν, καὶ ὅσα
μὲν ἂν ἐπιρρανθῇ, ἐκ πάντων γίνεται ἰχθύδια, ἐκ δὲ τῶν
ἄλλων ὅπως ἂν τύχῃ. Ταὐτὸ δὲ συμβαίνει τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ
τῶν μαλακίων· ὁ γὰρ ἄρρην τῶν σηπιῶν, ὅταν ἐκτέκῃ ἡ
θήλεια, ἐπιρραίνει τὰ ᾠά. Ὅπερ εὔλογον καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων
10 συμβαίνειν μαλακίων, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τῶν σηπιῶν ὦπται ἐν τῷ
παρόντι μόνον. Ἐκτίκτουσι δὲ πρὸς τῇ γῇ, οἱ μὲν κωβιοὶ
πρὸς τοῖς λίθοις, πλὴν πλατὺ καὶ ψαθυρὸν τὸ ἀποτικτόμενόν
ἐστιν. Ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι· ἀλεεινά τε γάρ ἐστι τὰ
περὶ τὴν γῆν, καὶ τροφὴν ἔχει μᾶλλον, καὶ πρὸς τὸ μὴ
15 κατεσθίεσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν μειζόνων τὰ κυήματα. Διὸ καὶ ἐν τῷ
Πόντῳ περὶ τὸν Θερμώδοντα ποταμὸν οἱ πλεῖστοι τίκτουσιν·
νήνεμος γὰρ ὁ τόπος καὶ ἀλεεινὸς καὶ ἔχων ὕδατα
γλυκέα. Τίκτουσι δ' οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι τῶν ᾠοτόκων ἰχθύων ἅπαξ
τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ, πλὴν τῶν μικρῶν φυκίδων· αὗται δὲ
20 δίς. Διαφέρει δ' ὁ ἄρρην φύκης τῆς θηλείας τῷ μελάντερος
εἶναι καὶ μείζους ἔχειν τὰς λεπίδας. Οἱ μὲν οὖν ἄλλοι ἰχθύες
γόνῳ τίκτουσι καὶ τὰ ᾠὰ ἀφιᾶσιν· ἣν δὲ καλοῦσί τινες
βελόνην, ὅταν ἤδη ὥρα ᾖ τοῦ τίκτειν, διαρρήγνυται, καὶ
οὕτω τὰ ᾠὰ ἐξέρχεται. Ἔχει γάρ τινα ὁ ἰχθὺς οὗτος διάφυσιν
25 ὑπὸ τὴν γαστέρα καὶ τὸ ἦτρον, ὥσπερ οἱ τυφλίναι
ὄφεις· ὅταν δ' ἐκτέκῃ, συμφύεται ταῦτα πάλιν. Ἡ δὲ γένεσις
ἐκ τοῦ ᾠοῦ ὁμοίως συμβαίνει ἐπί τε τῶν ἔσω ᾠοτοκούντων
καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἔξω· ἐπ' ἄκρου τε γὰρ γίνεται καὶ
ὑμένι περιέχεται, καὶ πρῶτον διάδηλοι οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ μεγάλοι
30 καὶ σφαιροειδεῖς ὄντες. Ἧι καὶ δῆλον ὅτι οὐχ ὥσπερ τινές
φασιν, ὁμοίως γίνονται τοῖς ἐκ τῶν σκωλήκων γινομένοις·
τοὐναντίον γὰρ συμβαίνει ἐπ' ἐκείνων, τὰ κάτω μείζω πρῶτον,
οἱ δ' ὀφθαλμοὶ καὶ ἡ κεφαλὴ ὕστερον. Ὅταν δ' ἀναλωθῇ
1If all the eggs were preserved, each species would be infinite in number. The greater number of these eggs so deposited are not productive, but only those over which the male sheds the milt or sperm; for when the female has laid her eggs, the male follows and sheds its sperm over them, and from all the eggs so 5besprinkled young fishes proceed, while the rest are left to their fate.
The same phenomenon is observed in the case of molluscs also; for in the case of the cuttlefish or sepia, after the female has deposited her eggs, the male besprinkles them. It is highly probable that a similar phenomenon takes place in regard to molluscs in general, though up to the present time the phenomenon has been observed 10only in the case of the cuttlefish.
Fishes deposit their eggs close in to shore, the goby close to stones; and, by the way, the spawn of the goby is flat and crumbly. Fish in general so deposit their eggs; for the water close in to shore is warm and is better supplied with food than the outer sea, and serves as a protection to the spawn against the voracity of the larger fish. And it is 15for this reason that in the Euxine most fishes spawn near the mouth of the river Thermodon, because the locality is sheltered, genial, and supplied with fresh water.
Oviparous fish as a rule spawn only once a year. The little phycis or black goby is an exception, as it spawns twice; the male of the black goby differs from the female as being blacker and having larger scales.
Fishes then in 20general produce their young by copulation, and lay their eggs; but the pipefish, as some call it, when the time of parturition arrives, bursts in two, and the eggs escape out. For the fish has a diaphysis or cloven growth under the belly and abdomen (like the blind snakes), and, after it has spawned by the splitting of this diaphysis, the sides of the split grow together again.
Development from 25the egg takes place similarly with fishes that are oviparous internally and with fishes that are oviparous externally; that is to say, the embryo comes at the upper end of the egg and is enveloped in a membrane, and the eyes, large and spherical, are the first organs visible. From this circumstance it is plain that the assertion is untenable which is made by some writers, to wit, that the young 30of oviparous fishes are generated like the grubs of worms; for the opposite phenomena are observed in the case of these grubs, in that their lower extremities are the larger at the outset, and that the eyes and the head appear later on.
The same phenomenon is observed in the case of molluscs also; for in the case of the cuttlefish or sepia, after the female has deposited her eggs, the male besprinkles them. It is highly probable that a similar phenomenon takes place in regard to molluscs in general, though up to the present time the phenomenon has been observed 10only in the case of the cuttlefish.
Fishes deposit their eggs close in to shore, the goby close to stones; and, by the way, the spawn of the goby is flat and crumbly. Fish in general so deposit their eggs; for the water close in to shore is warm and is better supplied with food than the outer sea, and serves as a protection to the spawn against the voracity of the larger fish. And it is 15for this reason that in the Euxine most fishes spawn near the mouth of the river Thermodon, because the locality is sheltered, genial, and supplied with fresh water.
Oviparous fish as a rule spawn only once a year. The little phycis or black goby is an exception, as it spawns twice; the male of the black goby differs from the female as being blacker and having larger scales.
Fishes then in 20general produce their young by copulation, and lay their eggs; but the pipefish, as some call it, when the time of parturition arrives, bursts in two, and the eggs escape out. For the fish has a diaphysis or cloven growth under the belly and abdomen (like the blind snakes), and, after it has spawned by the splitting of this diaphysis, the sides of the split grow together again.
Development from 25the egg takes place similarly with fishes that are oviparous internally and with fishes that are oviparous externally; that is to say, the embryo comes at the upper end of the egg and is enveloped in a membrane, and the eyes, large and spherical, are the first organs visible. From this circumstance it is plain that the assertion is untenable which is made by some writers, to wit, that the young 30of oviparous fishes are generated like the grubs of worms; for the opposite phenomena are observed in the case of these grubs, in that their lower extremities are the larger at the outset, and that the eyes and the head appear later on.
568a
1 τὸ ᾠόν, γίνονται γυρινώδεις, καὶ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον οὐδεμίαν
τροφὴν λαμβάνοντα αὐξάνονται ἐκ τῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ ᾠοῦ ἐγγινομένης
ὑγρότητος, ὕστερον δὲ τρέφονται ἕως ἂν αὐξηθῶσι
τοῖς ποταμίοις ὕδασιν. Τοῦ δὲ Πόντου καθαιρομένου ἐπιφέρεταί τι
5 κατὰ τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον ὃ καλοῦσι φῦκος· ἔστι δ' ὠχρὸν
τοῦτο. Οἱ δέ τινές φασι τοῦτο ἄνθος εἶναι τοῦ φύκου, ἀφ' οὗ τὸ
φυκίον εἶναι. Ἀρχομένου δὲ γίνεται τοῦ θέρους. Τούτῳ τρέφεται
καὶ τὰ ὄστρεα καὶ τὰ ἰχθύδια τὰ ἐν τοῖς τόποις τούτοις.
Φασὶ δέ τινες τῶν θαλαττίων καὶ τὴν πορφύραν ἴσχειν ἀπὸ
10 τούτου τὸ ἄνθος.
1After the egg has been used up, the young fishes are like tadpoles in shape, and at first, without taking any nutriment, they grow by sustenance derived from the juice oozing from the egg; by and by, they are nourished up to full growth by the river-waters.
When the Euxine is 'purged' a substance 5called phycus is carried into the Hellespont, and this substance is of a pale yellow colour. Some writers aver that it is the flower of the phycus, from which rouge is made; it comes at the beginning of summer. Oysters and the small fish of these localities feed on this substance, and some of the inhabitants of these maritime districts say that the purple murex derives 10its peculiar colour from it.
When the Euxine is 'purged' a substance 5called phycus is carried into the Hellespont, and this substance is of a pale yellow colour. Some writers aver that it is the flower of the phycus, from which rouge is made; it comes at the beginning of summer. Oysters and the small fish of these localities feed on this substance, and some of the inhabitants of these maritime districts say that the purple murex derives 10its peculiar colour from it.
Book 6,Chapter 14 (568a11–569a9)
Οἱ δὲ λιμναῖοι καὶ οἱ ποτάμιοι τῶν ἰχθύων κυήματα
μὲν ἴσχουσι πεντάμηνοι τὴν ἡλικίαν ὄντες ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ,
τίκτουσι δὲ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ περιιόντος ἅπαντες· ὥσπερ δὲ καὶ οἱ
θαλάττιοι, καὶ οὗτοι οὐκ ἐξαφιᾶσιν οὐδέποτε ἅμα πᾶν, οὔθ'
15 αἱ θήλειαι τὸ ᾠὸν οὔθ' οἱ ἄρρενες τὸν θορόν, ἀλλ' ἔχουσιν ἀεὶ
πλείω ἢ ἐλάττονα αἱ μὲν ᾠὰ οἱ δὲ θορόν. Τίκτουσι δ' ἐν τῇ
καθηκούσῃ ὥρᾳ κυπρῖνος μὲν πεντάκις ἢ ἑξάκις (ποιεῖται
δὲ τὸν τόκον μάλιστα ἐπὶ τοῖς ἄστροις), χαλκὶς δὲ τίκτει
τρίς, οἱ δ' ἄλλοι ἅπαξ ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ πάντες. Τίκτουσι δ'
20 ἐν ταῖς προλιμνάσι τῶν ποταμῶν καὶ τῶν λιμνῶν πρὸς
τὰ καλαμώδη, οἷον οἵ τε φοξῖνοι καὶ αἱ πέρκαι. Οἱ δὲ
γλάνεις καὶ αἱ πέρκαι συνεχὲς ἀφιᾶσι τὸ κύημα, ὥσπερ
οἱ βάτραχοι· οὕτω δὲ συνεχές ἐστι τὸ κύημα περιειλιγμένον,
ὥστε τό γε τῆς πέρκης διὰ πλατύτητα ἀναπηνίζονται ἐν
25 ταῖς λίμναις οἱ ἁλιεῖς ἐκ τῶν καλάμων. Οἱ μὲν οὖν μείζους
τῶν γλανίων ἐν τοῖς βαθέσι ἐκτίκτουσιν, ἔνιοι καὶ κατ' ὀργυιᾶς
τὸ βάθος, οἱ δ' ἐλάττους αὐτῶν ἐν τοῖς βραχυτέροις,
μάλιστα πρὸς ῥίζαις ἰτέας ἢ ἄλλου τινὸς δένδρου, καὶ πρὸς
τῷ καλάμῳ δὲ καὶ πρὸς τῷ βρύῳ. Συμπλέκονται δὲ πρὸς
30 ἀλλήλους ἐνίοτε καὶ πάνυ μέγας πρὸς μικρόν· καὶ προςαγαγόντες
τοὺς πόρους πρὸς ἀλλήλους, οὓς καλοῦσί τινες ὀμφαλούς,
Marsh-fishes and river-fishes conceive at the age of five months as a general rule, and deposit their spawn towards the close of the year without exception. And with these fishes, like as with the marine fishes, the female does not void all her eggs at one time, nor the male his sperm; but they are at all times more or less provided, the 15female with eggs, and the male with sperm. The-carp spawns as the seasons come round, five or six times, and follows in spawning the rising of the greater constellations. The chalcis spawns three times, and the other fishes once only in the year. They all spawn in pools left by the overflowing of rivers, and near to reedy places in marshes; as for instance the phoxinus or 20minnow and the perch.
The glanis or sheat-fish and the perch deposit their spawn in one continuous string, like the frog; so continuous, in fact, is the convoluted spawn of the perch that, by reason of its smoothness, the fishermen in the marshes can unwind it off the reeds like threads off a reel. The larger individuals of the sheat-fish spawn in deep waters, some in 25water of a fathom's depth, the smaller in shallower water, generally close to the roots of the willow or of some other tree, or close to reeds or to moss. At times these fishes intertwine with one another, a big with a little one, and bring into juxtaposition the ducts-which some writers designate as navels-at the point where they emit the generative products and discharge 30the egg in the case of the female and the milt in the case of the male.
The glanis or sheat-fish and the perch deposit their spawn in one continuous string, like the frog; so continuous, in fact, is the convoluted spawn of the perch that, by reason of its smoothness, the fishermen in the marshes can unwind it off the reeds like threads off a reel. The larger individuals of the sheat-fish spawn in deep waters, some in 25water of a fathom's depth, the smaller in shallower water, generally close to the roots of the willow or of some other tree, or close to reeds or to moss. At times these fishes intertwine with one another, a big with a little one, and bring into juxtaposition the ducts-which some writers designate as navels-at the point where they emit the generative products and discharge 30the egg in the case of the female and the milt in the case of the male.
568b
1 ᾗ τὸν γόνον ἀφιᾶσιν, ὁ μὲν τὸ ᾠὸν ὁ δὲ τὸν θορὸν
ἐξίησιν. Ὅσα δ' ἂν τῷ θορῷ μιχθῇ τῶν ᾠῶν, εὐθύς τε λευκότερα
φαίνεται καὶ μείζω ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὡς εἰπεῖν. Ὕστερον δ' ἐν
ὀλίγῳ χρόνῳ δῆλά ἐστι τὰ ὄμματα τοῦ ἰχθύος· τοῦτο γὰρ
5 ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ἰχθύσιν, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις, ἐπιδηλότατόν
ἐστιν εὐθὺς καὶ φαίνεται μέγιστον. Ὅσων δ' ἂν
ᾠῶν ὁ θορὸς μὴ θίγῃ, καθάπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν θαλαττίων,
ἀχρεῖον τὸ ᾠὸν τοῦτο καὶ ἄγονόν ἐστιν. Ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν γονίμων
ᾠῶν αὐξανομένων τῶν ἰχθυδίων ἀποκαθαίρεται οἷον κέλυφος·
10 τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶν ὑμὴν περιέχων τὸ ᾠὸν καὶ τὸ ἰχθύδιον.
Ὅταν δὲ μιγῇ τῷ ᾠῷ ὁ θορός, σφόδρα γίνεται κολλῶδες τὸ
συνεστηκὸς ἐξ αὐτῶν πρὸς ταῖς ῥίζαις ἢ ὅπου ἂν ἐκτέκωσιν.
Οὗ δ' ἂν πλεῖστον τέκωσιν, ᾠοφυλακεῖ ὁ ἄρρην, ἡ δὲ θήλεια
ἀπέρχεται τεκοῦσα. Ἔστι δὲ βραδυτάτη μὲν ἐκ τῶν ᾠῶν
15 ἡ τῶν γλανίων αὔξησις, διὸ προσεδρεύει ὁ ἄρρην καὶ τετταράκοντα
καὶ πεντήκοντα ἡμέρας, ὅπως μὴ κατεσθίηται ὁ
γόνος ὑπὸ τῶν παρατυχόντων ἰχθυδίων· δευτέρα δὲ βραδυτῆτι
ἡ τοῦ κυπρίνου γένεσις, ὅμως δὲ ταχέως καὶ τούτων ὁ
σωζόμενος διαφεύγει γόνος. Τῶν δ' ἐλαττόνων ἐνίων καὶ τριταίων
20 ὄντων ἤδη ἰχθύδιά ἐστιν. Λαμβάνει δ' αὔξησιν τὰ ᾠά,
ὧν ἂν ἐπιψαύσῃ ὁ θορός, καὶ αὐθημερὸν καὶ ὕστερον ἔτι. Τὸ
μὲν οὖν τοῦ γλάνιος γίνεται ὅσον ὄροβος, τὰ δὲ τῶν κυπρίνων
καὶ τῶν τοιούτων ὅσον κέγχρος. Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον
τίκτει καὶ γεννᾷ, χαλκὶς δὲ τίκτει ἐν τοῖς βαθέσιν ἀθρόα
25 καὶ ἀγελαῖα, ὃν δὲ καλοῦσι τίλωνα, πρὸς τοῖς αἰγιαλοῖς
ἐν ὑπηνέμοις· ἀγελαῖος δὲ καὶ οὗτος. Κυπρῖνος δὲ καὶ
βάλερος καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι πάντες ὡς εἰπεῖν ὠθοῦνται μὲν εἰς τὰ
βραχέα πρὸς τὸν τόκον, μιᾷ δὲ θηλείᾳ πολλάκις ἀκολουθοῦσιν
ἄρρενες καὶ τρισκαίδεκα καὶ τεσσαρεσκαίδεκα· τῆς
30 θηλείας δ' ἀφιείσης τὸ ᾠὸν καὶ ὑποχωρούσης ἐπακολουθοῦντες
ἐπιρραίνουσι τὸν θορόν. Ἀπόλλυται δὲ τὰ πλεῖστ' αὐτῶν·
1Such eggs as are besprinkled with the milt grow, in a day or thereabouts, whiter and larger, and in a little while afterwards the fish's eyes become visible for these organs in all fishes, as for that matter in all other animals, are early conspicuous and seem 5disproportionately big. But such eggs as the milt fails to touch remain, as with marine fishes, useless and infertile. From the fertile eggs, as the little fish grow, a kind of sheath detaches itself; this is a membrane that envelops the egg and the young fish. When the milt has mingled with the eggs, the resulting product becomes 10very sticky or viscous, and adheres to the roots of trees or wherever it may have been laid. The male keeps on guard at the principal spawning-place, and the female after spawning goes away.
In the case of the sheat-fish the growth from the egg is exceptionally slow, and, in consequence, the male has to keep watch for forty 15or fifty days to prevent the-spawn being devoured by such little fishes as chance to come by. Next in point of slowness is the generation of the carp. As with fishes in general, so even with these, the spawn thus protected disappears and gets lost rapidly.
In the case of some of the smaller fishes when they are only three days 20old young fishes are generated. Eggs touched by the male sperm take on increase both the same day and also later. The egg of the sheat-fish is as big as a vetch-seed; the egg of the carp and of the carp-species as big as a millet-seed.
These fishes then spawn and generate in the way here described. The chalcis, however, spawns 25in deep water in dense shoals of fish; and the so-called tilon spawns near to beaches in sheltered spots in shoals likewise. The carp, the baleros, and fishes in general push eagerly into the shallows for the purpose of spawning, and very often thirteen or fourteen males are seen following a single female. When the female 30deposits her spawn and departs, the males follow on and shed the milt.
In the case of the sheat-fish the growth from the egg is exceptionally slow, and, in consequence, the male has to keep watch for forty 15or fifty days to prevent the-spawn being devoured by such little fishes as chance to come by. Next in point of slowness is the generation of the carp. As with fishes in general, so even with these, the spawn thus protected disappears and gets lost rapidly.
In the case of some of the smaller fishes when they are only three days 20old young fishes are generated. Eggs touched by the male sperm take on increase both the same day and also later. The egg of the sheat-fish is as big as a vetch-seed; the egg of the carp and of the carp-species as big as a millet-seed.
These fishes then spawn and generate in the way here described. The chalcis, however, spawns 25in deep water in dense shoals of fish; and the so-called tilon spawns near to beaches in sheltered spots in shoals likewise. The carp, the baleros, and fishes in general push eagerly into the shallows for the purpose of spawning, and very often thirteen or fourteen males are seen following a single female. When the female 30deposits her spawn and departs, the males follow on and shed the milt.
569a
1 διά τε γὰρ τὸ ὑποχωροῦσαν τίκτειν τὴν θήλειαν σκεδάννυται
τὸ ᾠόν, ὅ τι ἂν ὑπὸ ῥεύματος ληφθῇ καὶ μὴ προσπέσῃ
πρὸς ὕλην· καὶ γὰρ οὐδ' ᾠοφυλακεῖ τῶν ἄλλων ἔξω γλάνιος
οὐδείς, πλὴν ἂν ἀθρόῳ γόνῳ ἑαυτοῦ περιτύχῃ ὁ κυπρῖνος· τοῦτον
5 δέ φασιν ᾠοφυλακεῖν. Θορὸν δὲ πάντες ἔχουσιν οἱ ἄρρενες
πλὴν ἐγχέλυος· αὕτη δ' οὐδέτερον οὔτ' ᾠὸν οὔτε θορόν. Οἱ
μὲν οὖν κεστρεῖς ἐκ τῆς θαλάττης ἀναβαίνουσιν εἰς τὰς
λίμνας καὶ τοὺς ποταμούς, αἱ δ' ἐγχέλυς τοὐναντίον ἐκ τούτων
εἰς τὴν θάλατταν.
1The greater portion of the spawn gets wasted; because, owing to the fact that the female moves about while spawning, the spawn scatters, or so much of it as is caught in the stream and does not get entangled with some rubbish. For, with the exception of the sheatfish, no fish keeps on guard; unless, by the way, 5it be the carp, which is said to remain on guard, if it so happen that its spawn lies in a solid mass.
All male fishes are supplied with milt, excepting the eel: with the eel, the male is devoid of milt, and the female of spawn. The mullet goes up from the sea to marshes and rivers; the eels, on the contrary, make their way down from the marshes and rivers to the sea.
All male fishes are supplied with milt, excepting the eel: with the eel, the male is devoid of milt, and the female of spawn. The mullet goes up from the sea to marshes and rivers; the eels, on the contrary, make their way down from the marshes and rivers to the sea.
Book 6,Chapter 15 (569a10–570a2)
10 Οἱ μὲν οὖν πλεῖστοι, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, τῶν ἰχθύων γίνονται
ἐξ ᾠῶν. Οὐ μὴν ἀλλ' ἔνιοι καὶ ἐκ τῆς ἰλύος καὶ ἐκ τῆς
ἄμμου γίνονται, καὶ τῶν τοιούτων γενῶν ἃ γίνεται ἐκ συνδυασμοῦ
καὶ ᾠῶν, ἐν τέλμασιν ἄλλοις τε, καὶ οἷον περὶ
Κνίδον φασὶν εἶναί ποτε, ὃ ἐξηραίνετο μὲν ὑπὸ κύνα καὶ ἡ
15 ἰλὺς ἅπασα ἐξῃρεῖτο, ὕδωρ δ' ἤρχετο ἐγγίνεσθαι ἅμα τοῖς
ὄμβροις γινομένοις. Ἐν τούτῳ ἰχθύδια ἐνεγίνετο ἀρχομένου
τοῦ ὕδατος. Ἦν δὲ κεστρέων τι γένος τοῦτο, ὃ οὐδὲ γίνεται ἐξ
ὀχείας, μέγεθος ἡλίκα μαινίδια μικρά· ᾠὸν δὲ τούτων εἶχεν
οὐδὲν οὐδὲ θορόν. Γίνεται δὲ καὶ ἐν ποταμοῖς ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ, οὐ
20 διαρρέουσιν εἰς τὴν θάλατταν, ἰχθύδια μικρά, ἡλίκοι ἑψητοί,
ἕτερα τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον τούτοις. Ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ ὅλως φασὶ τοὺς
κεστρεῖς φύεσθαι πάντας, οὐκ ὀρθῶς λέγοντες· ἔχουσαι γὰρ
φαίνονται καὶ ᾠὰ αἱ θήλειαι αὐτῶν καὶ θορὸν οἱ ἄρρενες.
Ἀλλὰ γένος τί ἐστιν αὐτῶν τοιοῦτον, ὃ φύεται ἐκ τῆς ἰλύος
25 καὶ τῆς ἄμμου. Ὅτι μὲν οὖν γίνεται αὐτόματα ἔνια οὔτ' ἐξ
ᾠῶν οὔτ' ἐξ ὀχείας, φανερὸν ἐκ τούτων. Ὅσα δὲ μήτ' ᾠοτοκεῖ
μήτε ζῳοτοκεῖ, πάντα γίνεται τὰ μὲν ἐκ τῆς ἰλύος τὰ
δ' ἐκ τῆς ἄμμου καὶ τῆς ἐπιπολαζούσης σήψεως, οἷον καὶ
τῆς ἀφύης ὁ καλούμενος ἀφρὸς γίνεται ἐκ τῆς ἀμμώδους
30 γῆς· καὶ ἔστιν αὕτη ἡ ἀφύη ἀναυξὴς καὶ ἄγονος, καὶ ὅταν
The great majority of 10fish, then, as has been stated, proceed from eggs. However, there are some fish that proceed from mud and sand, even of those kinds that proceed also from pairing and the egg. This occurs in ponds here and there, and especially in a pond in the neighbourhood of Cnidos. This pond, it is said, at one time ran dry about the rising of the Dogstar, and the mud had all dried up; at the first fall 15of the rains there was a show of water in the pond, and on the first appearance of the water shoals of tiny fish were found in the pond. The fish in question was a kind of mullet, one which does not proceed from normal pairing, about the size of a small sprat, and not one of these fishes was provided with either spawn or milt. There are found also in Asia Minor, in rivers not communicating 20with the sea, little fishes like whitebait, differing from the small fry found near Cnidos but found under similar circumstances. Some writers actually aver that mullet all grow spontaneously. In this assertion they are mistaken, for the female of the fish is found provided with spawn, and the male with milt. However, there is a species of mullet that grows spontaneously out of mud and 25sand.
From the facts above enumerated it is quite proved that certain fishes come spontaneously into existence, not being derived from eggs or from copulation. Such fish as are neither oviparous nor viviparous arise all from one of two sources, from mud, or from sand and from decayed matter that rises thence as a scum; for instance, the so-called froth of the small fry comes out of sandy ground.
From the facts above enumerated it is quite proved that certain fishes come spontaneously into existence, not being derived from eggs or from copulation. Such fish as are neither oviparous nor viviparous arise all from one of two sources, from mud, or from sand and from decayed matter that rises thence as a scum; for instance, the so-called froth of the small fry comes out of sandy ground.
569b
1 πλείων γένηται χρόνος, ἀπόλλυται, ἄλλη δὲ πάλιν ἐπιγίνεται,
διὸ ἔξω χρόνου τινὸς ὀλίγου πᾶσαν ὡς εἰπεῖν τὴν ἄλλην
γίνεται ὥραν· διαμένει γὰρ ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ ἀρκτούρου μετοπωρινοῦ
μέχρι τοῦ ἔαρος. Σημεῖον δ' ὅτι ἐνίοτ' ἐκ τῆς γῆς
5 ἀνέρχεται· ἁλιευομένων γάρ, ἐὰν μὲν ᾖ ψῦχος, οὐχ ἁλίσκεται,
ἐὰν δ' ᾖ εὐδία, ἁλίσκεται, ὡς ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἀνιοῦσα
πρὸς τὴν ἀλέαν. Καὶ ἑλκόντων καὶ ἀναξυομένης τῆς γῆς
πλεονάκις πλείων γίνεται καὶ βελτίων. Αἱ δ' ἄλλαι ἀφύαι
χείρους διὰ τὸ ταχὺ λαμβάνειν αὔξησιν. Γίνονται δ' ἐν τοῖς
10 ἐπισκίοις καὶ ἑλώδεσι τόποις, ὅταν εὐημερίας γενομένης
ἀναθερμαίνηται ἡ γῆ, οἷον περὶ Ἀθήνας ἐν Σαλαμῖνι καὶ
πρὸς τῷ Θεμιστοκλείῳ καὶ ἐν Μαραθῶνι· ἐν γὰρ τούτοις τοῖς
τόποις γίνεται ὁ ἀφρός. Φαίνεται δ' ἐν μὲν τόποις τοιούτοις
καὶ εὐημερίαις τοιαύταις, γίνεται δ' ἐνιαχοῦ καὶ ὁπόταν
15 ὕδωρ πολὺ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ γένηται, ἐν τῷ ἀφρῷ τῷ γινομένῳ
ὑπὸ τοῦ ὀμβρίου ὕδατος, διὸ καὶ καλεῖται ἀφρός· καὶ ἐπιφέρεται
ἐνίοτε ἐπιπολῆς τῆς θαλάττης, ὅταν εὐημερία ᾖ,
ἐν ᾧ συστρέφεται, οἷον ἐν τῇ κόπρῳ τὰ σκωλήκια, οὕτως ἐν
τούτῳ ὁ ἀφρός, ὅπου ἂν συστῇ ἐπιπολῆς· διὸ πολλαχοῦ
20 προσφέρεται ἐκ τοῦ πελάγους ἡ ἀφύη αὕτη. Καὶ εὐθηνεῖ
δὲ καὶ ἁλίσκεται πλείστη, ὁπόταν ἔνυγρον καὶ εὐδιεινὸν γένηται
τὸ ἔτος. Ἡ δ' ἄλλη ἀφύη γόνος ἰχθύων ἐστίν, ἡ μὲν
καλουμένη κωβῖτις κωβιῶν τῶν μικρῶν καὶ φαύλων, οἳ
καταδύνουσιν εἰς τὴν γῆν· ἐκ δὲ τῆς φαληρικῆς γίνονται
25 μεμβράδες, ἐκ δὲ τούτων τριχίδες, ἐκ δὲ τῶν τριχίδων
τριχίαι, ἐκ δὲ μιᾶς ἀφύης, οἷον τῆς ἐν τῷ Ἀθηναίων λιμένι,
οἱ ἐγκρασίχολοι καλούμενοι. Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλη ἀφύη,
ἣ γόνος ἐστὶ μαινίδων καὶ κεστρέων. Ὁ δ' ἀφρὸς ὁ ἄγονος
ὑγρός ἐστι καὶ διαμένει ὀλίγον χρόνον, καθάπερ εἴρηται
30 πρότερον· τέλος γὰρ λείπεται κεφαλὴ καὶ ὀφθαλμοί. Πλὴν
1This fry is incapable of growth and of propagating its kind; after living for a while it dies away and another creature takes its place, and so, with short intervals excepted, it may be said to last the whole year through. At all events, it lasts from the autumn rising of Arcturus up to the 5spring-time. As a proof that these fish occasionally come out of the ground we have the fact that in cold weather they are not caught, and that they are caught in warm weather, obviously coming up out of the ground to catch the heat; also, when the fishermen use dredges and the ground is scraped up fairly often, the fishes appear in larger numbers and of superior 10quality. All other small fry are inferior in quality owing to rapidity of growth. The fry are found in sheltered and marshy districts, when after a spell of fine weather the ground is getting warmer, as, for instance, in the neighbourhood of Athens, at Salamis and near the tomb of Themistocles and at Marathon; for in these districts the froth is found. It appears, then, 15in such districts and during such weather, and occasionally appears after a heavy fall of rain in the froth that is thrown up by the falling rain, from which circumstance the substance derives its specific name. Foam is occasionally brought in on the surface of the sea in fair weather. (And in this, where it has formed on the surface, the so-called froth collects, 20as grubs swarm in manure; for which-reason this fry is often brought in from the open sea. The fish is at its best in quality and quantity in moist warm weather.)
The ordinary fry is the normal issue of parent fishes: the so-called gudgeon-fry of small insignificant gudgeon-like fish that burrow under the ground. From the Phaleric fry comes the membras, from the 25membras the trichis, from the trichis the trichias, and from one particular sort of fry, to wit from that found in the harbour of Athens, comes what is called the encrasicholus, or anchovy. There is another fry, derived from the maenis and the mullet.
The unfertile fry is watery and keeps only a short time, as has been stated, for at last only head and eyes are left.
The ordinary fry is the normal issue of parent fishes: the so-called gudgeon-fry of small insignificant gudgeon-like fish that burrow under the ground. From the Phaleric fry comes the membras, from the 25membras the trichis, from the trichis the trichias, and from one particular sort of fry, to wit from that found in the harbour of Athens, comes what is called the encrasicholus, or anchovy. There is another fry, derived from the maenis and the mullet.
The unfertile fry is watery and keeps only a short time, as has been stated, for at last only head and eyes are left.
570a
1 νῦν εὕρηται τοῖς ἁλιεῦσι πρὸς τὸ διακομίζειν· ἁλιζομένη
γὰρ πλείω μένει χρόνον.
1However, the fishermen of late have hit upon a method of transporting it to a distance, as when salted it keeps for a considerable time.
Book 6,Chapter 16 (570a3–24)
Αἱ δ' ἐγχέλυς οὔτ' ὀχείας γίνονται οὔτ' ᾠοτοκοῦσιν,
οὐδ' ἐλήφθη πώποτε οὔτε θορὸν ἔχουσα οὐδεμία οὔτ' ᾠά, οὔτ'
5 ἀνασχισθεῖσαι ἐντὸς θορικοὺς πόρους οὔθ' ὑστερικοὺς ἔχουσιν·
ἀλλὰ τοῦτο ὅλον τὸ γένος τῶν ἐναίμων οὐ γίνεται οὔτ' ἐξ
ὀχείας οὔτ' ἐξ ᾠῶν. Φανερὸν δ' ἐστὶν ὅτι οὕτως ἔχει· ἐν ἐνίαις
γὰρ τελματώδεσι λίμναις τοῦ θ' ὕδατος παντὸς ἐξαντληθέντος
καὶ τοῦ πηλοῦ ξυσθέντος γίνονται πάλιν, ὅταν ὕδωρ γένηται
10 ὄμβριον· ἐν δὲ τοῖς αὐχμοῖς οὐ γίνονται, οὐδ' ἐν ταῖς διαμενούσαις
λίμναις· καὶ γὰρ ζῶσι καὶ τρέφονται ὀμβρίῳ
ὕδατι. Ὅτι μὲν οὖν οὔτ' ἐξ ὀχείας οὔτ' ἐξ ᾠῶν γίνονται, φανερόν
ἐστιν. Δοκοῦσι δέ τισι γεννᾶν, ὅτι ἐν ἐνίαις τῶν ἐγχελύων
ἑλμίνθια ἐγγίνεται· ἐκ τούτων γὰρ οἴονται γίνεσθαι
15 ἐγχέλυς. Τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶν οὐκ ἀληθές, ἀλλὰ γίνονται ἐκ τῶν
καλουμένων γῆς ἐντέρων, ἃ αὐτόματα συνίσταται ἐν τῷ πηλῷ
καὶ ἐν τῇ γῇ τῇ ἐνίκμῳ. Καὶ ἤδη εἰσὶν ὠμμέναι αἱ μὲν
ἐκλυόμεναι ἐκ τούτων, αἱ δ' ἐν διακνιζομένοις καὶ διαιρουμένοις
γίνονται φανεραί. Καὶ ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς
20 ποταμοῖς γίνεται τὰ τοιαῦτα, ὅταν ᾖ μάλιστα σῆψις, τῆς
μὲν θαλάττης πρὸς τοῖς τοιούτοις τόποις οὗ ἂν ᾖ φῦκος, τῶν
δὲ ποταμῶν καὶ λιμνῶν περὶ τὰ χείλη· ἐνταῦθα γὰρ ἡ
ἀλέα ἰσχύουσα σήπει. Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς τῶν ἐγχελύων γενέσεως
τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον.
Eels are not the issue of pairing, neither are they oviparous; nor was an eel ever found supplied with either milt or spawn, nor are they when cut 5open found to have within them passages for spawn or for eggs. In point of fact, this entire species of blooded animals proceeds neither from pair nor from the egg.
There can be no doubt that the case is so. For in some standing pools, after the water has been drained off and the mud has been dredged away, the eels appear again after a fall of rain. In 10time of drought they do not appear even in stagnant ponds, for the simple reason that their existence and sustenance is derived from rain-water.
There is no doubt, then, that they proceed neither from pairing nor from an egg. Some writers, however, are of opinion that they generate their kind, because in some eels little worms are found, from which they 15suppose that eels are derived. But this opinion is not founded on fact. Eels are derived from the so-called 'earth's guts' that grow spontaneously in mud and in humid ground; in fact, eels have at times been seen to emerge out of such earthworms, and on other occasions have been rendered visible when the earthworms were laid open by either scraping or 20cutting. Such earthworms are found both in the sea and in rivers, especially where there is decayed matter: in the sea in places where sea-weed abounds, and in rivers and marshes near to the edge; for it is near to the water's edge that sun-heat has its chief power and produces putrefaction. So much for the generation of the eel.
There can be no doubt that the case is so. For in some standing pools, after the water has been drained off and the mud has been dredged away, the eels appear again after a fall of rain. In 10time of drought they do not appear even in stagnant ponds, for the simple reason that their existence and sustenance is derived from rain-water.
There is no doubt, then, that they proceed neither from pairing nor from an egg. Some writers, however, are of opinion that they generate their kind, because in some eels little worms are found, from which they 15suppose that eels are derived. But this opinion is not founded on fact. Eels are derived from the so-called 'earth's guts' that grow spontaneously in mud and in humid ground; in fact, eels have at times been seen to emerge out of such earthworms, and on other occasions have been rendered visible when the earthworms were laid open by either scraping or 20cutting. Such earthworms are found both in the sea and in rivers, especially where there is decayed matter: in the sea in places where sea-weed abounds, and in rivers and marshes near to the edge; for it is near to the water's edge that sun-heat has its chief power and produces putrefaction. So much for the generation of the eel.
Book 6,Chapter 17 (570a25–571b2)
25 Τοὺς δὲ τόκους οὔτε πάντες οἱ ἰχθύες ποιοῦνται τὴν
αὐτὴν ὥραν οὔθ' ὁμοίως, οὔτε κύουσι τὸν ἴσον χρόνον. Πρὸ μὲν
οὖν τῆς ὀχείας ἀγέλαι γίνονται ἀρρένων καὶ θηλειῶν· ὅταν
δὲ περὶ τὴν ὀχείαν καὶ τοὺς τόκους ὦσι, συνδυάζονται. Κύουσι
δὲ τούτων ἔνιοι μὲν οὐ πλείους τριάκονθ' ἡμερῶν, οἱ δ'
30 ἐλάττω χρόνον, πάντες δ' ἐν χρόνοις διαιρουμένοις εἰς τὸν
τῶν ἑβδομάδων ἀριθμόν. Κύουσι δὲ πλεῖστον χρόνον οὓς καλοῦσί
τινες μαρίνους. Σαργὸς δὲ κυΐσκεται μὲν περὶ τὸν Ποσειδεῶνα
Fish do not all bring 25forth their young at the same season nor all in like manner, neither is the period of gestation for all of the same duration.
Before pairing the males and females gather together in shoals; at the time for copulation and parturition they pair off. With some fishes the time of gestation is not longer than thirty days, with others it is a lesser period; but 30with all it extends over a number of days divisible by seven. The longest period of gestation is that of the species which some call a marinus.
Before pairing the males and females gather together in shoals; at the time for copulation and parturition they pair off. With some fishes the time of gestation is not longer than thirty days, with others it is a lesser period; but 30with all it extends over a number of days divisible by seven. The longest period of gestation is that of the species which some call a marinus.
570b
1 μῆνα, κύει δ' ἡμέρας τριάκοντα· καὶ ὃν καλοῦσί
τινες χελῶνα τῶν κεστρέων, καὶ ὁ μύξων τὴν αὐτὴν
ὥραν καὶ ἴσον χρόνον κύουσι τῷ σαργῷ. Πονοῦσι δὲ τῇ κυήσει
πάντες, διὸ μάλιστα τὴν ὥραν ταύτην ἐκπίπτουσιν·
5 φέρονται γὰρ οἰστρῶντες πρὸς τὴν γῆν. Καὶ ὅλως ἐν κινήσει
περὶ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον διατελοῦσιν ὄντες, ἕως ἂν ἐκτέκωσιν·
καὶ μάλιστα ὁ κεστρεὺς τοῦτο ποιεῖ τῶν ἰχθύων· ὅταν δ' ἐκτέκωσιν,
ἡσυχάζουσιν. Πολλοῖς δὲ τῶν ἰχθύων πέρας ἐστὶ
τοῦ τίκτειν, ὅταν ἐγγένηται σκωλήκια ἐν τῇ γαστρί· ἐγγίνεται
10 γὰρ μικρὰ καὶ ἔμψυχα, ἃ ἐξελαύνει τὰ κυήματα.
Οἱ δὲ τόκοι γίνονται τοῖς μὲν ῥυάσι τοῦ ἔαρος, καὶ τοῖς
πλείστοις δὲ περὶ τὴν ἐαρινὴν ἰσημερίαν· τοῖς δ' ἄλλοις οὐχ
ἡ αὐτὴ ὥρα τοῦ ἔτους, ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν τοῦ θέρους, τοῖς δὲ
περὶ τὴν φθινοπωρινὴν ἰσημερίαν. Τίκτει δὲ πρῶτον τῶν τοιούτων
15 ἀθερίνη (τίκτει δὲ πρὸς τῇ γῇ), κέφαλος δ' ὕστατος·
δῆλον δ' ἐκ τοῦ πρῶτον ταύτης φαίνεσθαι τὸν γόνον, τοῦ δ'
ὕστατον. Τίκτει δὲ καὶ κεστρεὺς ἐν τοῖς πρώτοις, καὶ σάλπη
τοῦ θέρους ἀρχομένου ἐν τοῖς πλείστοις, ἐνιαχοῦ δὲ μετοπώρου.
Τίκτει δὲ καὶ ὁ αὐλωπίας, ὃν καλοῦσί τινες ἀνθίαν, τοῦ θέρους.
20 Μετὰ δὲ τούτους χρύσοφρυς καὶ λάβραξ καὶ μόρμυρος
καὶ ὅλως οἱ καλούμενοι δρομάδες. Ὕστατοι δὲ τῶν ἀγελαίων
τρίγλη καὶ κορακῖνος· τίκτουσι δ' οὗτοι περὶ τὸ μετόπωρον.
Τίκτει δ' ἡ τρίγλη ἐπὶ τῷ πηλῷ, διὸ ὀψὲ τίκτει· πολὺν
γὰρ χρόνον ὁ πηλὸς ψυχρός ἐστιν. Ὁ δὲ κορακῖνος ὕστερον
25 τῆς τρίγλης ἐπὶ τῶν φυκίων ἐκπορευόμενος, διὰ τὸ βιοτεύειν
ἐν τοῖς πετραίοις χωρίοις· κύει δὲ πολὺν χρόνον. Αἱ δὲ
μαινίδες τίκτουσι μετὰ τροπὰς χειμερινάς. Τῶν δ' ἄλλων
ὅσοι πελάγιοι, οἱ πολλοὶ θέρους τίκτουσιν· σημεῖον δ' ὅτι οὐχ
ἁλίσκονται τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον. Πολυγονώτατον δ' ἐστὶ τῶν
30 ἰχθύων μαινίς, τῶν δὲ σελαχῶν βάτραχος· ἀλλὰ σπάνιοί
εἰσι διὰ τὸ ἀπόλλυσθαι ῥᾳδίως· τίκτει γὰρ ἀθρόα καὶ
πρὸς τῇ γῇ. Ὅλως δ' ὀλιγογονώτερα μέν ἐστι τὰ σελάχη
1The sargue conceives during the month of Poseideon (or December), and carries its spawn for thirty days; and the species of mullet named by some the chelon, and the myxon, go with spawn at the same period and over the same length of time.
All fish suffer greatly during the period of gestation, and are in 5consequence very apt to be thrown up on shore at this time. In some cases they are driven frantic with pain and throw themselves on land. At all events they are throughout this time continually in motion until parturition is over (this being especially true of the mullet), and after parturition they are in repose. With many fish the time for parturition terminates on the appearance of grubs 10within the belly; for small living grubs get generated there and eat up the spawn.
With shoal fishes parturition takes place in the spring, and indeed, with most fishes, about the time of the spring equinox; with others it is at different times, in summer with some, and with others about the autumn equinox.
The first of shoal fishes to spawn is the atherine, and it spawns close to land; 15the last is the cephalus: and this is inferred from the fact that the brood of the atherine appears first of all and the brood of the cephalus last. The mullet also spawns early. The saupe spawns usually at the beginning of summer, but occasionally in the autumn. The aulopias, which some call the anthias, spawns in the summer. Next in order of spawning comes the chrysophrys or gilthead, 20the basse, the mormyrus, and in general such fish as are nicknamed 'runners'. Latest in order of the shoal fish come the red mullet and the coracine; these spawn in autumn. The red mullet spawns on mud, and consequently, as the mud continues cold for a long while, spawns late in the year. The coracine carries its spawn for a long time; but, as it lives usually on rocky ground, it goes to 25a distance and spawns in places abounding in seaweed, at a period later than the red mullet. The maenis spawns about the winter solstice. Of the others, such as are pelagic spawn for the most part in summer; which fact is proved by their not being caught by fishermen during this period.
Of ordinary fishes the most prolific is the sprat; of cartilaginous fishes, the fishing-frog. Specimens, 30however, of the fishing-frog are rare from the facility with which the young are destroyed, as the female lays her spawn all in a lump close in to shore.
All fish suffer greatly during the period of gestation, and are in 5consequence very apt to be thrown up on shore at this time. In some cases they are driven frantic with pain and throw themselves on land. At all events they are throughout this time continually in motion until parturition is over (this being especially true of the mullet), and after parturition they are in repose. With many fish the time for parturition terminates on the appearance of grubs 10within the belly; for small living grubs get generated there and eat up the spawn.
With shoal fishes parturition takes place in the spring, and indeed, with most fishes, about the time of the spring equinox; with others it is at different times, in summer with some, and with others about the autumn equinox.
The first of shoal fishes to spawn is the atherine, and it spawns close to land; 15the last is the cephalus: and this is inferred from the fact that the brood of the atherine appears first of all and the brood of the cephalus last. The mullet also spawns early. The saupe spawns usually at the beginning of summer, but occasionally in the autumn. The aulopias, which some call the anthias, spawns in the summer. Next in order of spawning comes the chrysophrys or gilthead, 20the basse, the mormyrus, and in general such fish as are nicknamed 'runners'. Latest in order of the shoal fish come the red mullet and the coracine; these spawn in autumn. The red mullet spawns on mud, and consequently, as the mud continues cold for a long while, spawns late in the year. The coracine carries its spawn for a long time; but, as it lives usually on rocky ground, it goes to 25a distance and spawns in places abounding in seaweed, at a period later than the red mullet. The maenis spawns about the winter solstice. Of the others, such as are pelagic spawn for the most part in summer; which fact is proved by their not being caught by fishermen during this period.
Of ordinary fishes the most prolific is the sprat; of cartilaginous fishes, the fishing-frog. Specimens, 30however, of the fishing-frog are rare from the facility with which the young are destroyed, as the female lays her spawn all in a lump close in to shore.
571a
1 διὰ τὸ ζῳοτοκεῖν, σώζεται δὲ μάλιστα ταῦτα διὰ τὸ μέγεθος.
Ὀψίγονον δ' ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ καλουμένη βελόνη, καὶ αἱ
πολλαὶ αὐτῶν πρὸ τοῦ τίκτειν διαρρήγνυνται ὑπὸ τῶν ᾠῶν·
ἴσχει δ' οὐχ οὕτω πολλὰ ὡς μεγάλα. Καὶ ὥσπερ τὰ φαλάγγια
5 δέ, περικέχυνται καὶ περὶ τὴν βελόνην· ἐκτίκτει
γὰρ πρὸς αὑτῇ, κἄν τις θίγῃ, φεύγουσιν. Ἡ δ' ἀθερίνη τίκτει
τρίβουσα τὴν κοιλίαν πρὸς τὴν ἄμμον. Διαρρήγνυνται
δὲ καὶ οἱ θύννοι ὑπὸ τῆς πιμελῆς, ζῶσι δ' ἔτη δύο. Σημεῖον
δὲ τούτου ποιοῦνται οἱ ἁλιεῖς· ἐκλιπουσῶν γάρ ποτε τῶν
10 θυννίδων ἐνιαυτόν, τῷ ἐχομένῳ ἔτει καὶ θύννοι ἐξέλιπον.
Δοκοῦσι δ' ἐνιαυτῷ εἶναι πρεσβύτεροι τῶν πηλαμύδων. Ὀχεύονται
δ' οἱ θύννοι καὶ οἱ σκόμβροι περὶ τὸν Ἐλαφηβολιῶνα
φθίνοντα, τίκτουσι δὲ περὶ τὸν Ἑκατομβαιῶνα ἀρχόμενον·
τίκτουσι δ' οἷον ἐν θυλάκῳ τὰ ᾠά. Ἡ δ' αὔξησίς ἐστι τῶν
15 θυννίδων ταχεῖα· ὅταν γὰρ τέκωσιν οἱ ἰχθύες ἐν τῷ Πόντῳ,
γίνονται ἐκ τοῦ ᾠοῦ ἃς καλοῦσιν οἱ μὲν σκορδύλας,
οἱ δὲ Βυζάντιοι αὐξίδας διὰ τὸ ἐν ὀλίγαις αὐξάνεσθαι ἡμέραις,
καὶ ἐξέρχονται μὲν τοῦ φθινοπώρου ἅμα ταῖς θυννίσιν,
εἰσπλέουσι δὲ τοῦ ἔαρος ἤδη οὖσαι πηλαμύδες. Σχεδὸν δὲ καὶ
20 οἱ ἄλλοι πάντες ἰχθύες ταχεῖαν λαμβάνουσι τὴν αὔξησιν,
πάντες δ' ἐν τῷ Πόντῳ θᾶττον· παρ' ἡμέραν γὰρ καὶ αἱ
ἀμίαι πολὺ ἐπιδήλως αὐξάνονται. Ὅλως δὲ δεῖ νομίζειν
τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἰχθύσι μὴ ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς τόποις μήτε τῆς
ὀχείας καὶ τῆς κυήσεως εἶναι τὴν αὐτὴν ὥραν μήτε τοῦ
25 τόκου καὶ τῆς εὐημερίας, ἐπεὶ καὶ οἱ καλούμενοι κορακῖνοι
ἐνιαχοῦ τίκτουσι περὶ τὸν πυραμητόν· ἀλλὰ τοῦ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ
πολὺ γινομένου ἐστόχασται τὰ εἰρημένα. Ἴσχουσι δὲ καὶ οἱ
γόγγροι κυήματα· ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς τόποις ὁμοίως
τοῦτο ἐπίδηλον, οὐδὲ τὸ κύημα σφόδρα φανερὸν διὰ τὴν πιμελήν·
30 ἴσχει γὰρ μακρόν, ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ ὄφεις. Ἀλλ' ἐπὶ
τὸ πῦρ τιθέμενον διάδηλον ποιεῖ· ἡ μὲν γὰρ πιμελὴ θυμιᾶται
καὶ τήκεται, τὰ δὲ πηδᾷ καὶ ψοφεῖ ἐκθλιβόμενα.
Ἔτι δ' ἄν τις ψηλαφᾷ καὶ τρίβῃ τοῖς δακτύλοις, τὸ μὲν
στέαρ λεῖον φαίνεται, τὸ δ' ᾠὸν τραχύ. Ἔνιοι μὲν οὖν γόγγροι
1As a rule, cartilaginous fish are less prolific than other fish owing to their being viviparous; and their young by reason of their size have a better chance of escaping destruction.
The so-called needle-fish (or pipe-fish) is late in spawning, and the greater portion of them are burst asunder by 5the eggs before spawning; and the eggs are not so many in number as large in size. The young fish cluster round the parent like so many young spiders, for the fish spawns on to herself; and, if any one touch the young, they swim away. The atherine spawns by rubbing its belly against the sand.
Tunny fish also burst asunder by reason of their fat. They live for two years; 10and the fishermen infer this age from the circumstance that once when there was a failure of the young tunny fish for a year there was a failure of the full-grown tunny the next summer. They are of opinion that the tunny is a fish a year older than the pelamyd. The tunny and the mackerel pair about the close of the month of Elaphebolion, and spawn about the commencement 15of the month of Hecatombaeon; they deposit their spawn in a sort of bag. The growth of the young tunny is rapid. After the females have spawned in the Euxine, there comes from the egg what some call scordylae, but what the Byzantines nickname the 'auxids' or 'growers', from their growing to a considerable size in a few days; these fish go out of the Pontus in autumn along 20with the young tunnies, and enter Pontus in the spring as pelamyds. Fishes as a rule take on growth with rapidity, but this is peculiarly the case with all species of fish found in the Pontus; the growth, for instance, of the amia-tunny is quite visible from day to day.
To resume, we must bear in mind that the same fish in the same localities have not the same season 25for pairing, for conception, for parturition, or for favouring weather. The coracine, for instance, in some places spawns about wheat-harvest. The statements here given pretend only to give the results of general observation.
The conger also spawns, but the fact is not equally obvious in all localities, nor is the spawn plainly visible owing to the fat of the fish; for the 30spawn is lanky in shape as it is with serpents. However, if it be put on the fire it shows its nature; for the fat evaporates and melts, while the eggs dance about and explode with a crack. Further, if you touch the substances and rub them with your fingers, the fat feels smooth and the egg rough.
The so-called needle-fish (or pipe-fish) is late in spawning, and the greater portion of them are burst asunder by 5the eggs before spawning; and the eggs are not so many in number as large in size. The young fish cluster round the parent like so many young spiders, for the fish spawns on to herself; and, if any one touch the young, they swim away. The atherine spawns by rubbing its belly against the sand.
Tunny fish also burst asunder by reason of their fat. They live for two years; 10and the fishermen infer this age from the circumstance that once when there was a failure of the young tunny fish for a year there was a failure of the full-grown tunny the next summer. They are of opinion that the tunny is a fish a year older than the pelamyd. The tunny and the mackerel pair about the close of the month of Elaphebolion, and spawn about the commencement 15of the month of Hecatombaeon; they deposit their spawn in a sort of bag. The growth of the young tunny is rapid. After the females have spawned in the Euxine, there comes from the egg what some call scordylae, but what the Byzantines nickname the 'auxids' or 'growers', from their growing to a considerable size in a few days; these fish go out of the Pontus in autumn along 20with the young tunnies, and enter Pontus in the spring as pelamyds. Fishes as a rule take on growth with rapidity, but this is peculiarly the case with all species of fish found in the Pontus; the growth, for instance, of the amia-tunny is quite visible from day to day.
To resume, we must bear in mind that the same fish in the same localities have not the same season 25for pairing, for conception, for parturition, or for favouring weather. The coracine, for instance, in some places spawns about wheat-harvest. The statements here given pretend only to give the results of general observation.
The conger also spawns, but the fact is not equally obvious in all localities, nor is the spawn plainly visible owing to the fat of the fish; for the 30spawn is lanky in shape as it is with serpents. However, if it be put on the fire it shows its nature; for the fat evaporates and melts, while the eggs dance about and explode with a crack. Further, if you touch the substances and rub them with your fingers, the fat feels smooth and the egg rough.
571b
1 στέαρ μὲν ἔχουσιν ᾠὸν δ' οὐδέν, οἱ δὲ τοὐναντίον
στέαρ μὲν οὐδέν, ᾠὸν δὲ τοιοῦτον οἷον εἴρηται νῦν.
1Some congers are provided with fat but not with any spawn, others are unprovided with fat but have egg-spawn as here described.
Book 6,Chapter 18 (571b3–573b16)
Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων καὶ πτηνῶν καὶ πλωτῶν,
καὶ περὶ τῶν πεζῶν ὅσα ᾠοτοκεῖ, σχεδὸν εἴρηται περὶ πάντων,
5 περί τ' ὀχείας καὶ κυήσεως καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ὁμοιοτρόπων
τούτοις· περὶ δὲ τῶν πεζῶν ὅσα ζῳοτοκεῖ καὶ περὶ ἀνθρώπου
λεκτέον τὰ συμβαίνοντα τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον. Περὶ μὲν
οὖν ὀχείας εἴρηται καὶ ἰδίᾳ καὶ κοινῇ κατὰ πάντων. Πάντων
δὲ κοινὸν τῶν ζῴων τὸ περὶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν καὶ τὴν ἡδονὴν
10 ἐπτοῆσθαι τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς ὀχείας μάλιστα. Τὰ μὲν οὖν θήλεα
χαλεπώτατα, ὅταν ἐκτέκωσι πρῶτον, οἱ δ' ἄρρενες περὶ τὴν
ὀχείαν. Οἵ τε γὰρ ἵπποι δάκνουσι τοὺς ἵππους καὶ καταβάλλουσι
καὶ διώκουσι τοὺς ἱππέας, καὶ οἱ ὕες οἱ ἄγριοι χαλεπώτατοι,
καίπερ ἀσθενέστατοι περὶ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον ὄντες,
15 διὰ τὴν ὀχείαν, καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους δὲ ποιοῦνται μάχας
θαυμαστάς, θωρακίζοντες ἑαυτοὺς καὶ ποιοῦντες τὸ δέρμα ὡς
παχύτατον ἐκ παρασκευῆς, πρὸς τὰ δένδρα τρίβοντες καὶ
τῷ πηλῷ μολύνοντες πολλάκις καὶ ξηραίνοντες ἑαυτούς·
μάχονται δὲ πρὸς ἀλλήλους, ἐξελαύνοντες ἐκ τῶν συοφορβίων,
20 οὕτω σφοδρῶς ὥστε πολλάκις ἀμφότεροι ἀποθνήσκουσιν.
Ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ οἱ ταῦροι καὶ οἱ κριοὶ καὶ οἱ τράγοι·
πρότερον γὰρ ὄντες σύννομοι ἕκαστοι περὶ τοὺς καιροὺς
τῆς ὀχείας μάχονται διιστάμενοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους. Χαλεπὸς
δὲ καὶ ὁ κάμηλος περὶ τὴν ὀχείαν ὁ ἄρρην, ἐάν τ' ἄνθρωπος
25 ἐάν τε κάμηλος πλησιάζῃ· ἵππῳ μὲν γὰρ ὅλως
ἀεὶ πολεμεῖ. Τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρίων· καὶ
γὰρ ἄρκτοι καὶ λύκοι καὶ λέοντες χαλεποὶ τοῖς πλησιάζουσι
γίνονται περὶ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον, πρὸς ἀλλήλους δ' ἧττον
μάχονται διὰ τὸ μὴ ἀγελαῖον εἶναι μηδὲν τῶν τοιούτων
30 ζῴων. Χαλεπαὶ δὲ καὶ αἱ θήλειαι ἄρκτοι ἀπὸ τῶν σκύμνων,
ὥσπερ καὶ αἱ κύνες ἀπὸ τῶν σκυλακίων. Ἐξαγριαίνονται
δὲ καὶ οἱ ἐλέφαντες περὶ τὴν ὀχείαν, διόπερ φασὶν οὐκ
ἐᾶν αὐτοὺς ὀχεύειν τὰς θηλείας τοὺς τρέφοντας ἐν τοῖς Ἰνδοῖς·
ἐμμανεῖς γὰρ γινομένους ἐν τοῖς χρόνοις τούτοις ἀνατρέπειν
We have, then, treated pretty fully of the animals that fly in the air or swim in the water, and of such of those that walk on dry land as are oviparous, to wit 5of their pairing, conception, and the like phenomena; it now remains to treat of the same phenomena in connexion with viviparous land animals and with man.
The statements made in regard to the pairing of the sexes apply partly to the particular kinds of animal and partly to all in general. It is common to all animals to be most excited by the desire of one sex 10for the other and by the pleasure derived from copulation. The female is most cross-tempered just after parturition, the male during the time of pairing; for instance, stallions at this period bite one another, throw their riders, and chase them. Wild boars, though usually enfeebled at this time as the result of copulation, are now unusually fierce, and fight 15with one another in an extraordinary way, clothing themselves with defensive armour, or in other words deliberately thickening their hide by rubbing against trees or by coating themselves repeatedly all over with mud and then drying themselves in the sun. They drive one another away from the swine pastures, and fight with such fury that very often both combatants 20succumb. The case is similar with bulls, rams, and he-goats; for, though at ordinary times they herd together, at breeding time they hold aloof from and quarrel with one another. The male camel also is cross-tempered at pairing time if either a man or a camel comes near him; as for a horse, a camel is ready to fight him at any time. It is the same with wild 25animals. The bear, the wolf, and the lion are all at this time ferocious towards such as come in their way, but the males of these animals are less given to fight with one another from the fact that they are at no time gregarious. The she-bear is fierce after cubbing, and the bitch after pupping.
Male elephants get savage about pairing time, and for this 30reason it is stated that men who have charge of elephants in India never allow the males to have intercourse with the females; on the ground that the males go wild at this time and turn topsy-turvy the dwellings of their keepers, lightly constructed as they are, and commit all kinds of havoc.
The statements made in regard to the pairing of the sexes apply partly to the particular kinds of animal and partly to all in general. It is common to all animals to be most excited by the desire of one sex 10for the other and by the pleasure derived from copulation. The female is most cross-tempered just after parturition, the male during the time of pairing; for instance, stallions at this period bite one another, throw their riders, and chase them. Wild boars, though usually enfeebled at this time as the result of copulation, are now unusually fierce, and fight 15with one another in an extraordinary way, clothing themselves with defensive armour, or in other words deliberately thickening their hide by rubbing against trees or by coating themselves repeatedly all over with mud and then drying themselves in the sun. They drive one another away from the swine pastures, and fight with such fury that very often both combatants 20succumb. The case is similar with bulls, rams, and he-goats; for, though at ordinary times they herd together, at breeding time they hold aloof from and quarrel with one another. The male camel also is cross-tempered at pairing time if either a man or a camel comes near him; as for a horse, a camel is ready to fight him at any time. It is the same with wild 25animals. The bear, the wolf, and the lion are all at this time ferocious towards such as come in their way, but the males of these animals are less given to fight with one another from the fact that they are at no time gregarious. The she-bear is fierce after cubbing, and the bitch after pupping.
Male elephants get savage about pairing time, and for this 30reason it is stated that men who have charge of elephants in India never allow the males to have intercourse with the females; on the ground that the males go wild at this time and turn topsy-turvy the dwellings of their keepers, lightly constructed as they are, and commit all kinds of havoc.
572a
1 τὰς οἰκήσεις αὐτῶν ἅτε φαύλως ᾠκοδομημένας,
καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ ἐργάζεσθαι. Φασὶ δὲ καὶ τὴν τῆς τροφῆς
δαψίλειαν πραοτέρους αὐτοὺς παρέχειν· καὶ προσάγοντες
δ' αὐτοῖς ἑτέρους κολάζουσι καὶ δουλοῦνται προστάττοντες
5 τύπτειν τοῖς προσαγομένοις. Τὰ δὲ πολλάκις ποιούμενα τὰς
ὀχείας καὶ μὴ κατὰ μίαν ὥραν, οἷον τὰ συνανθρωπευόμενα,
ὕες τε καὶ κύνες, ἧττον τοιαῦτα φαίνεται διὰ τὴν
ἀφθονίαν τῆς ὁμιλίας. Τῶν δὲ θηλειῶν ὁρμητικῶς
ἔχουσι πρὸς τὸν συνδυασμὸν μάλιστα μὲν ἵππος, ἔπειτα
10 βοῦς. Αἱ μὲν οὖν ἵπποι αἱ θήλειαι ἱππομανοῦσιν· ὅθεν καὶ
ἐπὶ τὴν βλασφημίαν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτῶν ἐπιφέρουσιν ἀπὸ μόνου
τῶν ζῴων τούτου τὴν ἐπὶ τῶν ἀκολάστων περὶ τὸ ἀφροδισιάζεσθαι.
Λέγονται δὲ καὶ ἐξανεμοῦσθαι περὶ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον·
διὸ ἐν Κρήτῃ οὐκ ἐξαιροῦσι τὰ ὀχεῖα ἐκ τῶν θηλειῶν. Ὅταν δὲ
15 τοῦτο πάθωσι, θέουσιν ἐκ τῶν ἄλλων ἵππων. Ἔστι δὲ τὸ πάθος
ὅπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ὑῶν λέγεται τὸ καπρίζειν. Θέουσι δὲ οὔτε
πρὸς ἕω οὔτε πρὸς δυσμάς, ἀλλὰ πρὸς ἄρκτον ἢ νότον. Ὅταν
δ' ἐμπέσῃ τὸ πάθος, οὐδένα ἐῶσι πλησιάζειν, ἕως ἂν ἢ ἀπείπωσι
διὰ τὸν πόνον ἢ πρὸς θάλατταν ἔλθωσιν· τότε δ' ἐκβάλλουσί
20 τι. Καλοῦσι δὲ καὶ τοῦτο, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τοῦ τικτομένου,
ἱππομανές· ἔστι δ' οἷον ἡ καπρία, καὶ ζητοῦσι τοῦτο
μάλιστα πάντων αἱ περὶ τὰς φαρμακείας. Περὶ δὲ τὴν ὥραν
τῆς ὀχείας συγκύπτουσί τε πρὸς ἀλλήλας μᾶλλον ἢ πρότερον,
καὶ τὴν κέρκον κινοῦσι πυκνά, καὶ τὴν φωνὴν ἀφιᾶσιν
25 ἀλλοιοτέραν ἢ κατὰ τὸν ἄλλον χρόνον· ῥεῖ δ' αὐταῖς
ἐκ τοῦ αἰδοίου ὅμοιον γονῇ, λεπτότερον δὲ πολὺ ἢ τὸ τοῦ ἄρρενος·
καὶ καλοῦσί τινες τοῦτο ἱππομανές, ἀλλ' οὐ τὸ ἐπὶ
τοῖς πώλοις ἐπιφυόμενον· ἐργῶδες δ' εἶναί φασι λαβεῖν·
κατὰ μικρὸν γὰρ ῥεῖν. Καὶ οὐροῦσι δὲ πολλάκις, ὅταν σκυζῶσι,
30 καὶ πρὸς αὑτὰς παίζουσιν. Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τοὺς ἵππους
τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον, αἱ δὲ βόες ταυρῶσιν· οὕτω δὲ
σφόδρα κατακώχιμαι τῷ πάθει γίνονται, ὥστε μὴ δύνασθαι
αὐτῶν κρατεῖν μηδὲ λαμβάνεσθαι τοὺς βουκόλους. Δῆλαι
1They also state that abundancy of food has a tendency to tame the males. They further introduce other elephants amongst the wild ones, and punish and break them in by setting on the new-comers to chastise the others.
Animals that pair frequently and not at a single specific season, as for 5instance animals domesticated by man, such as swine and dogs, are found to indulge in such freaks to a lesser degree owing to the frequency of their sexual intercourse.
Of female animals the mare is the most sexually wanton, and next in order comes the cow. In fact, the mare is said to go a-horsing; and the term derived from the habits of this one animal serves 10as a term of abuse applicable to such females of the human species as are unbridled in the way of sexual appetite. This is the common phenomenon as observed in the sow when she is said to go a-boaring. The mare is said also about this time to get wind-impregnated if not impregnated by the stallion, and for this reason in Crete they never remove the stallion from 15the mares; for when the mare gets into this condition she runs away from all other horses. The mares under these circumstances fly invariably either northwards or southwards, and never towards either east or west. When this complaint is on them they allow no one to approach, until either they are exhausted with fatigue or have reached the sea. Under either of 20these circumstances they discharge a certain substance 'hippomanes', the title given to a growth on a new-born foal; this resembles the sow-virus, and is in great request amongst women who deal in drugs and potions. About horsing time the mares huddle closer together, are continually switching their tails, their neigh is abnormal in sound, and from the sexual organ 25there flows a liquid resembling genital sperm, but much thinner than the sperm of the male. It is this substance that some call hippomanes, instead of the growth found on the foal; they say it is extremely difficult to get as it oozes out only in small drops at a time. Mares also, when in heat, discharge urine frequently, and frisk with one another. Such are 30the phenomena connected with the horse.
Cows go a-bulling; and so completely are they under the influence of the sexual excitement that the herdsmen have no control over them and cannot catch hold of them in the fields.
Animals that pair frequently and not at a single specific season, as for 5instance animals domesticated by man, such as swine and dogs, are found to indulge in such freaks to a lesser degree owing to the frequency of their sexual intercourse.
Of female animals the mare is the most sexually wanton, and next in order comes the cow. In fact, the mare is said to go a-horsing; and the term derived from the habits of this one animal serves 10as a term of abuse applicable to such females of the human species as are unbridled in the way of sexual appetite. This is the common phenomenon as observed in the sow when she is said to go a-boaring. The mare is said also about this time to get wind-impregnated if not impregnated by the stallion, and for this reason in Crete they never remove the stallion from 15the mares; for when the mare gets into this condition she runs away from all other horses. The mares under these circumstances fly invariably either northwards or southwards, and never towards either east or west. When this complaint is on them they allow no one to approach, until either they are exhausted with fatigue or have reached the sea. Under either of 20these circumstances they discharge a certain substance 'hippomanes', the title given to a growth on a new-born foal; this resembles the sow-virus, and is in great request amongst women who deal in drugs and potions. About horsing time the mares huddle closer together, are continually switching their tails, their neigh is abnormal in sound, and from the sexual organ 25there flows a liquid resembling genital sperm, but much thinner than the sperm of the male. It is this substance that some call hippomanes, instead of the growth found on the foal; they say it is extremely difficult to get as it oozes out only in small drops at a time. Mares also, when in heat, discharge urine frequently, and frisk with one another. Such are 30the phenomena connected with the horse.
Cows go a-bulling; and so completely are they under the influence of the sexual excitement that the herdsmen have no control over them and cannot catch hold of them in the fields.
572b
1 δ' εἰσὶ καὶ αἱ ἵπποι καὶ αἱ βόες, ὅταν ὀργῶσι πρὸς
τὴν ὀχείαν, καὶ τῇ ἐπάρσει τῶν αἰδοίων, καὶ τῷ πυκνὰ
οὐρεῖν αἱ βόες ὥσπερ αἱ ἵπποι. Ἔτι δ' αἵ γε βόες ἐπὶ τοὺς
ταύρους ἀναβαίνουσι, καὶ παρακολουθοῦσιν ἀεί, καὶ παρεστᾶσιν.
5 Πρότερα δὲ τὰ νεώτερα ὀργᾷ πρὸς τὴν ὀχείαν καὶ ἐν
τοῖς ἵπποις καὶ ἐν τοῖς βουσίν· καὶ ὅταν εὐημερίαι γίνωνται
καὶ τὰ σώματα εὖ ἔχωσι, μᾶλλον ὀργῶσιν. Αἱ μὲν οὖν ἵπποι
ὅταν ἀποκείρωνται, ἀποπαύονται τῆς ὁρμῆς μᾶλλον καὶ
γίνονται κατηφέστεραι. Οἱ δ' ἄρρενες ἵπποι διαγινώσκουσι
10 τὰς θηλείας τὰς συννόμους ταῖς ὀσμαῖς, κἂν ὀλίγας ἡμέρας
ἅμα γένωνται πρὸ τῆς ὀχείας· κἂν ἀναμιχθῶσιν ἀλλήλοις,
ἐξελαύνουσι δάκνοντες, καὶ νέμονται χωρίς, ἕκαστοι
τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἔχοντες. Διδόασι δ' ἑκάστῳ περὶ τριάκοντα ἢ
μικρῷ πλείους. Ὅταν δὲ προσίῃ τις ἄρρην, συστρέψας εἰς
15 ταὐτὸ καὶ περιδραμὼν κύκλῳ, προσελθὼν μάχεται· κἄν
τις κινῆται, δάκνει καὶ κωλύει. Ὁ δὲ ταῦρος, ὅταν ὥρα
τῆς ὀχείας ᾖ, τότε γίνεται σύννομος καὶ μάχεται τοῖς
ἄλλοις, τὸν δὲ πρότερον χρόνον μετ' ἀλλήλων εἰσίν, ὃ καλεῖται
ἀτιμαγελεῖν· πολλάκις γὰρ οἵ γ' ἐν τῇ Ἠπείρῳ οὐ
20 φαίνονται τριῶν μηνῶν. Ὅλως δὲ τὰ ἄρρενα πάντα ἢ τὰ
πλεῖστα οὐ συννέμονται τοῖς θήλεσι πρὸ τῆς ὥρας τοῦ ὀχεύειν,
ἀλλ' ἐκκρίνονται, ὅταν εἰς ἡλικίαν ἔλθωσι, καὶ χωρὶς
βόσκονται τὰ ἄρρενα τῶν θηλειῶν. Καὶ αἱ ὕες δ' ὅταν
ἔχωσι πρὸς τὴν ὀχείαν ὁρμητικῶς, ὃ καλεῖται καπρᾶν,
25 ὠθοῦνται καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. Περὶ δὲ τὰς κύνας τὸ
τοιοῦτον πάθος καλεῖται σκυζᾶν. Ἔπαρσις μὲν οὖν τοῖς θήλεσιν
γίνεται τῶν αἰδοίων, ὅταν πρὸς τὴν ὀχείαν ὀργῶσι, καὶ
ὑγρασία περὶ τὸν τόπον· αἱ δ' ἵπποι καὶ ἀπορραίνουσι λευκὴν
ὑγρότητα περὶ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον. Καθάρσεις δὲ γίνονται
30 μὲν καταμηνίων, οὐ μὴν ὅσαι γε ταῖς γυναιξὶν οὐθενὶ τῶν
ἄλλων ζῴων. Τοῖς μὲν οὖν προβάτοις καὶ αἰξίν, ἐπειδὰν ὥρα
ᾖ ὀχεύεσθαι, ἐπισημαίνει πρὸ τοῦ ὀχεύεσθαι· καὶ ἐπειδὰν
ὀχευθῶσι, γίνεται τὰ σημεῖα, εἶτα διαλείπει, μέχρι οὗ ἂν
1Mares and kine alike, when in heat, indicate the fact by the upraising of their genital organs, and by continually voiding urine. Further, kine mount the bulls, follow them about; and keep standing beside them. The younger females both with horses and oxen are the first to get in heat; 5and their sexual appetites are all the keener if the weather warm and their bodily condition be healthy. Mares, when clipt of their coat, have the sexual feeling checked, and assume a downcast drooping appearance. The stallion recognizes by the scent the mares that form his company, even though they have been together only a few days before breeding time: if 10they get mixed up with other mares, the stallion bites and drives away the interlopers. He feeds apart, accompanied by his own troop of mares. Each stallion has assigned to him about thirty mares or even somewhat more; when a strange stallion approaches, he huddles his mares into a close ring, runs round them, then advances to the encounter of the newcomer; 15if one of the mares make a movement, he bites her and drives her back. The bull in breeding time begins to graze with the cows, and fights with other bulls (having hitherto grazed with them), which is termed by graziers 'herd-spurning'. Often in Epirus a bull disappears for three months together. In a general way one may state that of male animals either none 20or few herd with their respective females before breeding time; but they keep separate after reaching maturity, and the two sexes feed apart. Sows, when they are moved by sexual desire, or are, as it is called, a-boaring, will attack even human beings.
With bitches the same sexual condition is termed 'getting into heat'. The sexual organ rises at this time, 25and there is a moisture about the parts. Mares drip with a white liquid at this season.
Female animals are subject to menstrual discharges, but never in such-abundance as is the female of the human species. With ewes and she-goats there are signs of menstruation in breeding time, just before the for submitting to the male; after copulation also the signs are 30manifest, and then cease for an interval until the period of parturition arrives; the process then supervenes, and it is by this supervention that the shepherd knows that such and such an ewe is about to bring forth.
With bitches the same sexual condition is termed 'getting into heat'. The sexual organ rises at this time, 25and there is a moisture about the parts. Mares drip with a white liquid at this season.
Female animals are subject to menstrual discharges, but never in such-abundance as is the female of the human species. With ewes and she-goats there are signs of menstruation in breeding time, just before the for submitting to the male; after copulation also the signs are 30manifest, and then cease for an interval until the period of parturition arrives; the process then supervenes, and it is by this supervention that the shepherd knows that such and such an ewe is about to bring forth.
573a
1 μέλλωσι τίκτειν. Τότε δ' ἐπισημαίνει, καὶ οὕτω γινώςκουσιν
ὅτι ἐπίτοκοι οἱ ποιμένες. Ἐπειδὰν δὲ τέκῃ, κάθαρσις
γίνεται πολλή, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον οὐ σφόδρα αἱματώδης, ὕστερον
μέντοι σφόδρα. Βοῒ δὲ καὶ ὄνῳ καὶ ἵππῳ πλείω μὲν τούτων
5 διὰ τὸ μέγεθος, ἐλάττω δὲ κατὰ λόγον πολλῷ. Ἡ μὲν
οὖν βοῦς ὅταν ὀργᾷ πρὸς τὴν ὀχείαν ἡ θήλεια, καθαίρεται
κάθαρσιν βραχεῖαν ὅσον ἡμικοτύλιον ἢ μικρῷ πλέον· καιρὸς
δὲ γίνεται τῆς ὀχείας μάλιστα περὶ τὴν κάθαρσιν. Ἵππος
δὲ τῶν τετραπόδων ἁπάντων εὐτοκώτατον καὶ λοχίων
10 καθαρώτατον, καὶ ἐλαχίστην προΐεται αἵματος ῥύσιν, ὡς
κατὰ τὸ τοῦ σώματος μέγεθος. Μάλιστα δὲ καὶ ταῖς βουσὶ
καὶ ταῖς ἵπποις τὰ καταμήνια ἐπισημαίνει διαλείποντα δίμηνον
καὶ τετράμηνον καὶ ἑξάμηνον· ἀλλ' οὐ ῥᾴδιον γνῶναι
μὴ παρεπομένῳ μηδὲ συνήθει σφόδρα, διὸ ἔνιοι οὐκ οἴονται
15 γίνεσθαι αὐτοῖς. Τοῖς δ' ὀρεῦσι τοῖς θήλεσιν οὐδὲν γίνεται
καταμήνιον, ἀλλὰ τὸ οὖρον παχύτερον τὸ τῆς θηλείας.
Ὅλως μὲν οὖν τὸ τῆς κύστεως περίττωμα τοῖς τετράποσι
παχύτερον ἢ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, τὸ δὲ τῶν προβάτων καὶ
τῶν αἰγῶν τῶν θηλειῶν παχύτερον ἔτι ἢ τὸ τῶν ἀρρένων·
20 ὄνου δὲ λεπτότερον τὸ τῶν θηλειῶν, βοὸς δὲ δριμύτερον τὸ
τῆς θηλείας. Μετὰ δὲ τοὺς τόκους ἁπάντων τῶν τετραπόδων
παχύτερον τὸ οὖρον γίνεται, καὶ μᾶλλον τῶν ἐλάττω προϊεμένων
κάθαρσιν. Τὸ δὲ γάλα γίνεται, ὅταν ὀχεύεσθαι
ἄρχωνται, πυοειδές· χρήσιμον δὲ γίνεται, ἐπειδὰν τέκωσιν
25 ὕστερον. Κύοντα δὲ καὶ πρόβατα καὶ αἶγες πιότερα γίνονται
καὶ ἐσθίουσι μᾶλλον· καὶ βόες δὲ ὡσαύτως καὶ τἆλλα
τὰ τετράποδα πάντα. Ὁρμητικώτερα μὲν οὖν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ
πᾶν εἰπεῖν τὴν ὀχείαν τὴν ἐαρινὴν ὥραν ἐστίν· οὐ μὴν
ἅπαντά γε ποιεῖται τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν τῆς ὀχείας, ἀλλὰ
30 πρὸς τὴν ἐκτροφὴν τῶν τέκνων ἐν τοῖς καθήκουσι καιροῖς. Αἱ
μὲν οὖν ἥμεροι ὕες κύουσι τέτταρας μῆνας, τίκτουσι δὲ τὰ
πλεῖστα εἴκοσιν· πλὴν ἂν πολλὰ τέκωσιν, οὐ δύνανται ἐκτρέφειν
πάντα. Γηράσκουσαι δὲ τίκτουσι μὲν ὁμοίως, ὀχεύονται
δὲ βραδύτερον· κυΐσκονται δ' ἐκ μιᾶς ὀχείας, ἀλλὰ
1After parturition comes copious menstruation, not at first much tinged with blood, but deeply dyed with it by and by. With the cow, the she ass, and the mare, the discharge is more copious actually, owing to their greater bulk, but proportionally to the greater bulk it is far less copious. The cow, for 5instance, when in heat, exhibits a small discharge to the extent of a quarter of a pint of liquid or a little less; and the time when this discharge takes place is the best time for her to be covered by the bull. Of all quadrupeds the mare is the most easily delivered of its young, exhibits the least amount of discharge after parturition, and emits the least amount of blood; that is to 10say, of all animals in proportion to size. With kine and mares menstruation usually manifests itself at intervals of two, four, and six months; but, unless one be constantly attending to and thoroughly acquainted with such animals, it is difficult to verify the circumstance, and the result is that many people are under the belief that the process never takes place with these animals 15at all.
With mules menstruation never takes place, but the urine of the female is thicker than the urine of the male. As a general rule the discharge from the bladder in the case of quadrupeds is thicker than it is in the human species, and this discharge with ewes and she-goats is thicker than with rams and he-goats; but the urine of the jackass is thicker than the urine of the 20she-ass, and the urine of the bull is more pungent than the urine of the cow. After parturition the urine of all quadrupeds becomes thicker, especially with such animals as exhibit comparatively slight discharges. At breeding time the milk become purulent, but after parturition it becomes wholesome. During pregnancy ewes and she-goats get fatter and eat more; as is also the case 25with cows, and, indeed, with the females of all quadrupeds.
In general the sexual appetites of animals are keenest in spring-time; the time of pairing, however, is not the same for all, but is adapted so as to ensure the rearing of the young at a convenient season.
Domesticated swine carry their young for four months, and bring forth a litter of twenty at the utmost; and, by the way, 30if the litter be exceedingly numerous they cannot rear all the young. As the sow grows old she continues to bear, but grows indifferent to the boar; she conceives after a single copulation, but they have to put the boar to her repeatedly owing to her dropping after intercourse what is called the sow-virus.
With mules menstruation never takes place, but the urine of the female is thicker than the urine of the male. As a general rule the discharge from the bladder in the case of quadrupeds is thicker than it is in the human species, and this discharge with ewes and she-goats is thicker than with rams and he-goats; but the urine of the jackass is thicker than the urine of the 20she-ass, and the urine of the bull is more pungent than the urine of the cow. After parturition the urine of all quadrupeds becomes thicker, especially with such animals as exhibit comparatively slight discharges. At breeding time the milk become purulent, but after parturition it becomes wholesome. During pregnancy ewes and she-goats get fatter and eat more; as is also the case 25with cows, and, indeed, with the females of all quadrupeds.
In general the sexual appetites of animals are keenest in spring-time; the time of pairing, however, is not the same for all, but is adapted so as to ensure the rearing of the young at a convenient season.
Domesticated swine carry their young for four months, and bring forth a litter of twenty at the utmost; and, by the way, 30if the litter be exceedingly numerous they cannot rear all the young. As the sow grows old she continues to bear, but grows indifferent to the boar; she conceives after a single copulation, but they have to put the boar to her repeatedly owing to her dropping after intercourse what is called the sow-virus.
573b
1 πολλάκις ἐπιβιβάσκουσι διὰ τὸ ἐκβάλλειν μετὰ τὴν
ὀχείαν τὴν καλουμένην ὑπό τινων καπρίαν. Τοῦτο μὲν οὖν συμβαίνει
πάσαις, ἔνιαι δ' ἅμα τούτῳ καὶ τὸ σπέρμα προΐενται. Ἐν
δὲ τῇ κυήσει ὃ ἂν βλαφθῇ τῶν τέκνων καὶ τῷ μεγέθει
5 πηρωθῇ, καλεῖται μετάχοιρον· τοῦτο δὲ γίνεται ὅπου ἂν
τύχῃ τῆς ὑστέρας. Ὅταν δὲ γεννήσῃ, τῷ πρώτῳ τὸν πρῶτον
παρέχει μαστόν. Θυῶσαν δ' οὐ δεῖ εὐθὺς βιβάζειν, πρὶν ἂν
μὴ τὰ ὦτα καταβάλῃ· εἰ δὲ μή, ἀναθυᾷ πάλιν· ἐὰν δ'
ὀργῶσαν βιβάσῃ, μία ὀχεία, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, ἀρκεῖ. Συμφέρει
10 δ' ὀχεύοντι μὲν τῷ κάπρῳ παρέχειν κριθάς, τετοκυίᾳ
δὲ τῇ ὑῒ κριθὰς ἑφθάς. Εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν ὑῶν αἱ μὲν εὐθὺς
καλλίχοιροι μόνον, αἱ δ' ἐπαυξανόμεναι τὰ τέκνα καὶ
τὰς δέλφακας χρηστὰς γεννῶσιν. Φασὶ δέ τινες, ἐὰν τὸν
ἕτερον ὀφθαλμὸν ἐκκοπῇ ἡ ὗς, ἀποθνήσκειν διὰ ταχέων
15 ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ. Ζῶσι δ' αἱ πλεῖσται μὲν περὶ ἔτη πεντεκαίδεκα,
ἔνιαι δὲ καὶ τῶν εἴκοσιν ὀλίγον ἀπολείπουσιν.
1This incident befalls all sows, but some of them discharge the genital sperm as well. During conception any one of the litter that gets injured or dwarfed is called an afterpig or scut: such injury may occur at any part of the womb. After littering the mother offers the 5foremost teat to the first-born. When the sow is in heat, she must not at once be put to the boar, but only after she lets her lugs drop, for otherwise she is apt to get into heat again; if she be put to the boar when in full condition of heat, one copulation, as has been said, is sufficient. It is as well to supply the boar at the period of 10copulation with barley, and the sow at the time of parturition with boiled barley. Some swine give fine litters only at the beginning, with others the litters improve as the mothers grow in age and size. It is said that a sow, if she have one of her eyes knocked out, is almost sure to die soon afterwards. Swine for the most part live for 15fifteen years, but some fall little short of the twenty.
Book 6,Chapter 19 (573b17–574a15)
Τὰ δὲ πρόβατα κυΐσκεται μὲν ἐν τρισὶν ἢ τέτταρσιν
ὀχείαις, ἐὰν δ' ὕδωρ ἐπιγένηται μετὰ τὴν ὀχείαν, ἀνακυΐσκει·
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ αἱ αἶγες. Τίκτουσι δὲ τὰ μὲν πλεῖστα
20 δύο, ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ τρία ἢ τέτταρα. Κύει δὲ πέντε μῆνας καὶ
πρόβατον καὶ αἴξ· διὸ ἐν ἐνίοις τόποις, ὅσοι ἀλεεινοί εἰσι
καὶ ἐν οἷς εὐημεροῦσι καὶ τροφὴν ἄφθονον ἔχουσι, δὶς τίκτουσιν.
Ζῇ δ' αἲξ μὲν περὶ ἔτη ὀκτώ, πρόβατον δὲ δέκα, τὰ δὲ
πλεῖστα ἐλάττω, πλὴν οἱ ἡγεμόνες τῶν προβάτων· οὗτοι δὲ
25 καὶ πεντεκαίδεκα. Ἐν ἑκάστῃ δὲ ποίμνῃ κατασκευάζουσιν
ἡγεμόνα τῶν ἀρρένων, ὃς ὅταν ὀνόματι κληθῇ ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιμένος
προηγεῖται· συνεθίζουσι δὲ τοῦτο δρᾶν ἐκ νέων. Τὰ δὲ περὶ
τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν πρόβατα ζῇ καὶ δώδεκα καὶ τριακαίδεκα ἔτη,
καὶ αἶγες δὲ καὶ δέκα καὶ ἕνδεκα. Ὀχεύει δὲ καὶ ὀχεύεται,
30 ἕως ἂν ζῇ, καὶ πρόβατον καὶ αἴξ. Διδυμοτοκοῦσι δὲ καὶ
πρόβατα καὶ αἶγες διά τε εὐβοσίαν, καὶ ἐὰν ὁ κριὸς ἢ ὁ
τράγος ᾖ διδυμοτόκος ἢ ἡ μήτηρ. Θηλυγόνα δέ, τὰ δ' ἀρρενογόνα
γίνεται διά τε τὰ ὕδατα (ἔστι γὰρ τὰ μὲν θηλυγόνα
τὰ δ' ἀρρενογόνα) καὶ διὰ τὰς ὀχείας ὡσαύτως, καὶ
Ewes conceive after three or four copulations with the ram. If rain falls after intercourse, the ram impregnates the ewe again; and it is the same with the she-goat. The ewe bears usually two lambs, sometimes three or four. Both ewe and she-goat carry their young for five months; consequently 20wherever a district is sunny and the animals are used to comfort and well fed, they bear twice in the year. The goat lives for eight years and the sheep for ten, but in most cases not so long; the bell-wether, however, lives to fifteen years. In every flock they train one of the rams for bell-wether. When he is called on by name by the 25shepherd, he takes the lead of the flock: and to this duty the creature is trained from its earliest years. Sheep in Ethiopia live for twelve or thirteen years, goats for ten or eleven. In the case of the sheep and the goat the two sexes have intercourse all their lives long.
Twins with sheep and goats may be due to richness of pasturage, 30or to the fact that either the ram or the he-goat is a twin-begetter or that the ewe or the she-goat is a twin-bearer. Of these animals some give birth to males and others to females; and the difference in this respect depends on the waters they drink and also on the sires.
Twins with sheep and goats may be due to richness of pasturage, 30or to the fact that either the ram or the he-goat is a twin-begetter or that the ewe or the she-goat is a twin-bearer. Of these animals some give birth to males and others to females; and the difference in this respect depends on the waters they drink and also on the sires.
574a
1 βορείοις μὲν ὀχευόμενα ἀρρενοτοκεῖ μᾶλλον, νοτίοις δὲ
θηλυτοκεῖ. Μεταβάλλει δὲ καὶ τὰ θηλυτοκοῦντα καὶ ἀρρενοτοκεῖ·
δεῖ δ' ὁρᾶν ὀχευόμενα πρὸς βορέαν. Τὰ δ' εἰωθότα πρωῒ
ὀχεύεσθαι, ἐὰν ὀψὲ ὀχεύῃ τις, οὐχ ὑπομένουσι τοὺς κριούς.
5 Λευκὰ δὲ τὰ ἔκγονα γίνεται καὶ μέλανα, ἐὰν ὑπὸ τῇ τοῦ
κριοῦ γλώττῃ λευκαὶ φλέβες ὦσιν ἢ μέλαιναι, λευκὰ μὲν
ἐὰν λευκαί, ἐὰν δὲ μέλαιναι μέλανα· ἐὰν δ' ἀμφότεραι,
ἄμφω· πυρρὰ δ' ἐὰν πυρραί. Τὰ δὲ τὸ ἁλυκὸν ὕδωρ
πίνοντα πρότερον ὀχεύεται· δεῖ δ' ἁλίζειν πρὶν τεκεῖν καὶ
10 ἐπειδὰν τέκῃ, καὶ ἔαρος αὖθις. Αἰγῶν δ' ἡγεμόνα οὐ καθιστᾶσιν
οἱ νομεῖς διὰ τὸ μὴ μόνιμον εἶναι τὴν φύσιν αὐτῶν,
ἀλλ' ὀξεῖαν καὶ εὐκίνητον. Τῶν δὲ προβάτων ἐὰν μὲν τὰ
πρεσβύτερα ὁρμᾷ πρὸς τὴν ὀχείαν κατὰ τὴν τεταγμένην ὥραν,
φασὶν οἱ ποιμένες σημεῖον εὐετηρίας εἶναι τοῖς προβάτοις,
15 ἐὰν δὲ τὰ νεώτερα, κακοθηνεῖν τὰ πρόβατα.
1And if they submit to the male when north winds are blowing, they are apt to bear males; if when south winds are blowing, females. Such as bear females may get to bear males, due regard being paid to their looking northwards when put to the male. Ewes accustomed to be put to the ram 5early will refuse him if he attempt to mount them late. Lambs are born white and black according as white or black veins are under the ram's tongue; the lambs are white if the veins are white, and black if the veins are black, and white and black if the veins are white and black; and red if the veins are red. The females that drink salted waters are the 10first to take the male; the water should be salted before and after parturition, and again in the springtime. With goats the shepherds appoint no bell-wether, as the animal is not capable of repose but frisky and apt to ramble. If at the appointed season the elders of the flock are eager for intercourse, the shepherds say that it bodes well for the flock; 15if the younger ones, that the flock is going to be bad.
Book 6,Chapter 20 (574a16–575a12)
Τῶν δὲ κυνῶν ἔστι μὲν γένη πλείω, ὀχεύει δὲ κύων ἡ
Λακωνικὴ μὲν ὀκτάμηνος καὶ ὀχεύεται· καὶ τὸ σκέλος δ'
αἴροντες οὐροῦσιν ἤδη ἔνιοι περὶ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον. Κυΐσκεται
δὲ κύων ἐκ μιᾶς ὀχείας· δῆλον δὲ τοῦτο γίνεται μάλιστα ἐν
20 τοῖς κλέπτουσι τὰς ὀχείας· ἅπαξ γὰρ ἐπιβάντες πληροῦσιν. Κύει
δ' ἡ μὲν Λακωνικὴ ἕκτον μέρος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ (τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶν
ἡμέραι ἑξήκοντα), κἂν ἄρα μιᾷ ἢ δυσὶν ἢ τρισὶ πλείονας
ἡμέρας καὶ ἐλάττους μιᾷ. Τυφλὰ δὲ γίνεται αὐτῇ τὰ σκυλάκια,
ὅταν τέκῃ, δώδεκα ἡμέρας. Τεκοῦσα δὲ πάλιν ὀχεύεται
25 ἕκτῳ μηνί, καὶ οὐ πρότερον. Ἔνιαι δὲ κύουσι τῶν κυνῶν
τὸ πέμπτον μέρος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ (τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶν ἡμέραι ἑβδομήκοντα
καὶ δύο), τυφλὰ δὲ γίνεται τὰ σκυλάκια τούτων τῶν
κυνῶν ἡμέρας δεκατέτταρας. Ἔνιαι δὲ κύουσι μὲν τέταρτον
μέρος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ (τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶ τρεῖς μῆνες ὅλοι), τυφλὰ δὲ
30 τὰ σκυλάκια τούτων γίνεται ἑπτακαίδεχ' ἡμέρας. Δοκεῖ
δὲ σκυζᾶν τὸν ἴσον χρόνον κύων. Τὰ δὲ καταμήνια ταῖς κυσὶν ἑπτὰ
ἡμέραις γίνεται· συμβαίνει δ' ἅμα καὶ ἔπαρσις αἰδοίου. Ἐν
δὲ τῷ χρόνῳ τούτῳ οὐ προσίενται ὀχείαν, ἀλλ' ἐν ταῖς μετὰ
Of dogs there are several breeds. Of these the Laconian hound of either sex is fit for breeding purposes when eight months old: at about the same age some dogs lift the leg when voiding urine. The bitch conceives with one lining; this is clearly seen in the case where a dog contrives to line a 20bitch by stealth, as they impregnate after mounting only once. The Laconian bitch carries her young the sixth part of a year or sixty days: or more by one, two, or three, or less by one; the pups are blind for twelve days after birth. After pupping, the bitch gets in heat again in six months, but not before. Some bitches carry their young for the fifth part 25of the year or for seventy-two days; and their pups are blind for fourteen days. Other bitches carry their young for a quarter of a year or for three whole months; and the whelps of these are blind for seventeen days. The bitch appears go in heat for the same length of time. Menstruation continues for seven days, and a swelling of the genital organ occurs 30simultaneously; it is not during this period that the bitch is disposed to submit to the dog, but in the seven days that follow. The bitch as a rule goes in heat for fourteen days, but occasionally for sixteen.
574b
1 ταῦτα ἑπτὰ ἡμέραις· τὰς γὰρ πάσας δοκεῖ σκυζᾶν ἡμέρας
τέτταρας καὶ δέκα ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ, οὐ μὴν ἀλλά τισι
καὶ περὶ ἑκκαίδεχ' ἡμέρας γεγένηται τοῦτο τὸ πάθος. Ἡ δ'
ἐν τοῖς τόκοις κάθαρσις γίνεται ἅμα τοῖς σκυλακίοις τικτομένοις,
5 ἔστι δ' αὕτη παχεῖα καὶ φλεγματώδης· καὶ τὸ
πλῆθος δ', ὅταν ἐκτέκωσιν, ἀπισχναίνεται ἔλαττον ἢ κατὰ
τὸ σῶμα. Τὸ δὲ γάλα αἱ κύνες ἴσχουσι πρὸ τοῦ τεκεῖν ὡς
ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἡμέρας πέντε· οὐ μὴν ἀλλ' ἐνίαις καὶ ἑπτὰ γίνεται
πρότερον καὶ τέτταρσιν. Χρήσιμον δ' εὐθύς ἐστι τὸ γάλα,
10 ὅταν τέκωσιν. Ἡ δὲ Λακωνικὴ μετὰ τὴν ὀχείαν τριάκονθ'
ἡμέραις ὕστερον. Τὸ μὲν οὖν πρῶτον παχύ ἐστι, χρονιζόμενον
δὲ γίνεται λεπτότερον. Διαφέρει δὲ παχύτητι τὸ
κύνειον τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων μετὰ τὸ ὕειον καὶ δασυπόδειον.
Γίνεται δὲ σημεῖον καὶ ὅταν ἡλικίαν ἔχωσι τοῦ ὀχεύεσθαι·
15 ὥσπερ γὰρ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, ἐπὶ ταῖς θηλαῖς τῶν μαστῶν ἐπιγίνεται
ἀνοίδησίς τις καὶ χόνδρον ἴσχουσιν· οὐ μὴν ἀλλ' ἔργον
μὴ συνήθει ὄντι ταῦτα καταμαθεῖν· οὐ γὰρ ἔχει μέγεθος
οὐδὲν τὸ σημεῖον. Τῇ μὲν οὖν θηλείᾳ τοῦτο συμβαίνει, τῷ δ'
ἄρρενι οὐδὲν τούτων. Τὸ δὲ σκέλος αἴροντες οὐροῦσιν οἱ ἄρρενες
20 ὡς μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ὅταν ἑξάμηνοι ὦσιν· ποιοῦσι δέ τινες
τοῦτο καὶ ὕστερον, ἤδη ὀκτάμηνοι ὄντες, καὶ πρότερον ἢ ἑξάμηνοι·
ὡς γὰρ ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν, ὅταν ἰσχύειν ἄρξωνται, αὐτὸ
ποιοῦσιν. Αἱ δὲ θήλειαι πᾶσαι καθεζόμεναι οὐροῦσιν· ἤδη δέ
τινες καὶ τούτων ἄρασαι τὸ σκέλος οὔρησαν. Τίκτει δὲ κύων
25 σκυλάκια τὰ πλεῖστα δώδεκα, ὡς δ' ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ πέντε ἢ
ἕξ· ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἓν ἔτεκέ τις· αἱ δὲ Λακωνικαὶ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ
ὀκτώ. Καὶ ὀχεύονται δ' αἱ θήλειαι καὶ ὀχεύουσιν οἱ ἄρρενες
ἕως ἂν ζῶσιν. Ἴδιον δ' ἐπὶ τῶν Λακωνικῶν συμβαίνει πάθος·
πονήσαντες γὰρ μᾶλλον δύνανται ὀχεύειν ἢ ἀργοῦντες. Ζῇ δ'
30 ἡ μὲν Λακωνικὴ κύων ὁ μὲν ἄρρην περὶ ἔτη δέκα, ἡ δὲ θήλεια
περὶ ἔτη δώδεκα, τῶν δ' ἄλλων κυνῶν αἱ μὲν πλεῖσται
περὶ ἔτη τετταρακαίδεκα ἢ πεντεκαίδεκα, ἔνιαι δὲ καὶ εἴκοσιν·
διὸ καὶ Ὅμηρον οἴονταί τινες ὀρθῶς ποιῆσαι τῷ εἰκοστῷ
1The birth-discharge occurs simultaneously with the delivery of the whelps, and the substance of it is thick and mucous. (The falling-off in bulk on the part of the mother is not so great as might have been inferred from the size of her frame.) The bitch is usually supplied 5with milk five days before parturition; some seven days previously, some four; and the milk is serviceable immediately after birth. The Laconian bitch is supplied with milk thirty days after lining. The milk at first is thickish, but gets thinner by degrees; with the bitch the milk is thicker than with the female of any other animal 10excepting the sow and the hare. When the bitch arrives at full growth an indication is given of her capacity for the male; that is to say, just as occurs in the female of the human species, a swelling takes place in the teats of the breasts, and the breasts take on gristle. This incident, however, it is difficult for any but an expert to 15detect, as the part that gives the indication is inconsiderable. The preceding statements relate to the female, and not one of them to the male. The male as a rule lifts his leg to void urine when six months old; some at a later period, when eight months old, some before they reach six months. In a general way one may put it that they 20do so when they are out of puppyhood. The bitch squats down when she voids urine; it is a rare exception that she lifts the leg to do so. The bitch bears twelve pups at the most, but usually five or six; occasionally a bitch will bear one only. The bitch of the Laconian breed generally bears eight. The two sexes have intercourse with each 25other at all periods of life. A very remarkable phenomenon is observed in the case of the Laconian hound: in other words, he is found to be more vigorous in commerce with the female after being hard-worked than when allowed to live idle.
The dog of the Laconian breed lives ten years, and the bitch twelve. The bitch of other breeds 30usually lives for fourteen or fifteen years, but some live to twenty; and for this reason certain critics consider that Homer did well in representing the dog of Ulysses as having died in his twentieth year.
The dog of the Laconian breed lives ten years, and the bitch twelve. The bitch of other breeds 30usually lives for fourteen or fifteen years, but some live to twenty; and for this reason certain critics consider that Homer did well in representing the dog of Ulysses as having died in his twentieth year.
575a
1 ἔτει ἀποθανόντα τὸν κύνα τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως. Ἐπὶ
μὲν οὖν τῶν Λακωνικῶν διὰ τὸ πονεῖν τοὺς ἄρρενας μᾶλλον
μακροβιώτεραι αἱ θήλειαι τῶν ἀρρένων· ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων λίαν
μὲν οὐκ ἐπίδηλον, μακροβιώτεροι δ' ὅμως οἱ ἄρρενες τῶν θηλειῶν
5 εἰσιν. Ὀδόντας δὲ κύων οὐ βάλλει πλὴν τοὺς καλουμένους
κυνόδοντας· τούτους δ' ὅταν ὦσι τετράμηνοι, ὁμοίως αἵ τε θήλειαι
καὶ οἱ ἄρρενες. Διὰ δὲ τὸ τούτους μόνους βάλλειν ἀμφισβητοῦσί
τινες· οἱ μὲν γὰρ διὰ τὸ δύο μόνους βάλλειν ὅλως
οὔ φασι (χαλεπὸν γὰρ ἐπιτυχεῖν τούτοις), οἱ δ' ὅταν ἴδωσι
10 τούτους, ὅλως οἴονται βάλλειν καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους. Τὰς δ' ἡλικίας
ἐκ τῶν ὀδόντων σκοποῦσιν· οἱ μὲν γὰρ νέοι λευκοὺς καὶ
ὀξεῖς ἔχουσιν, οἱ δὲ πρεσβύτεροι μέλανας καὶ ἀμβλεῖς.
1With the Laconian hound, owing to the hardships to which the male is put, he is less long-lived than the female; with other breeds the distinction as to longevity is not very apparent, though as a general rule the male is the longer-lived.
The dog sheds no teeth except the so-called 'canines'; 5these a dog of either sex sheds when four months old. As they shed these only, many people are in doubt as to the fact, and some people, owing to their shedding but two and its being hard to hit upon the time when they do so, fancy that the animal sheds no teeth at all; others, after observing the shedding of two, come to the conclusion that the creature sheds the rest in 10due turn. Men discern the age of a dog by inspection of its teeth; with young dogs the teeth are white and sharp pointed, with old dogs black and blunted.
The dog sheds no teeth except the so-called 'canines'; 5these a dog of either sex sheds when four months old. As they shed these only, many people are in doubt as to the fact, and some people, owing to their shedding but two and its being hard to hit upon the time when they do so, fancy that the animal sheds no teeth at all; others, after observing the shedding of two, come to the conclusion that the creature sheds the rest in 10due turn. Men discern the age of a dog by inspection of its teeth; with young dogs the teeth are white and sharp pointed, with old dogs black and blunted.
Book 6,Chapter 21 (575a13–575b20)
Βοῦς δὲ πληροῖ μὲν ὁ ἄρρην ἐκ μιᾶς ὀχείας, βαίνει δὲ
σφοδρῶς ὥστε συγκάμπτεσθαι τὴν βοῦν· ἐὰν δ' ἁμάρτῃ τῆς
15 ὁρμῆς, εἴκοσιν ἡμέρας διαλείπουσα προσίεται πάλιν ἡ θήλεια
τὴν ὀχείαν. Οἱ μὲν οὖν πρεσβύτεροι τῶν ταύρων οὐδ' ἀναβαίνουσι
πλεονάκις ἐπὶ τὴν αὐτὴν τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμέρας, ἐὰν μὴ
ἄρα διαλιπόντες· οἱ δὲ νεώτεροι καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν βιάζονται
πλεονάκις καὶ ἐπὶ πολλὰς ἀναβαίνουσι διὰ τὴν ἀκμήν. Ἥκιστα
20 δὲ τῶν ἀρρένων λάγνον ἐστὶ βοῦς. Ὀχεύει δ' ὁ νικῶν τῶν
ταύρων· ὅταν δ' ἐξαδυνατήσῃ διὰ τὴν λαγνείαν, ἐπιτίθεται
ὁ ἡττώμενος, καὶ κρατεῖ πολλάκις. Ὀχεύει δὲ τὰ ἄρρενα
καὶ ὀχεύεται τὰ θήλεα ἐνιαύσια ὄντα πρῶτον, ὥστε καὶ γεννᾶν·
οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ τό γ' ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἐνιαύσιοι καὶ ὀκτάμηνοι,
25 τὸ δὲ μάλισθ' ὁμολογούμενον διετεῖς. Κύει δ' ἐννέα
μῆνας, δεκάτῳ δὲ τίκτει· ἔνιοι δὲ διισχυρίζονται δέκα μῆνας
κύειν ἡμερολεγδόν. Ὅ τι δ' ἂν ἔμπροσθεν ἐξενεχθῇ τῶν
εἰρημένων χρόνων, ἐκβόλιμόν ἐστι καὶ οὐ θέλει ζῆν· μαλακαὶ
γὰρ καὶ ἀτελεῖς γίνονται αἱ ὁπλαί. Τίκτει δ' ἓν τὰ
30 πλεῖστα, ὀλιγάκις δὲ δύο· καὶ τίκτει καὶ ὀχεύει ἕως ἂν ζῇ.
Ζῶσι δ' ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ περὶ πεντεκαίδεκα ἔτη αἱ θήλειαι·
καὶ οἱ ἄρρενες δ', ἂν ἐκτμηθῶσιν. Ἔνιοι δὲ ζῶσι καὶ εἴκοσιν
ἔτη καὶ ἔτι πλείω, ἐὰν εὔφορον ἔχωσι τὸ σῶμα· καὶ γὰρ
The bull impregnates the cow at a single mount, and mounts with such vigour as to weigh down the cow; if his effort be unsuccessful, the cow must be allowed an interval of twenty days before being again submitted. Bulls 15of mature age decline to mount the same cow several times on one day, except, by the way, at considerable intervals. Young bulls by reason of their vigour are enabled to mount the same cow several times in one day, and a good many cows besides. The bull is the least salacious of male animals.... The victor among the bulls is the one that mounts the females; when he gets 20exhausted by his amorous efforts, his beaten antagonist sets on him and very often gets the better of the conflict. The bull and the cow are about a year old when it is possible for them to have commerce with chance of offspring: as a rule, however, they are about twenty months old, but it is universally allowed that they are capable in this respect at the age of two 25years. The cow goes with calf for nine months, and she calves in the tenth month; some maintain that they go in calf for ten months, to the very day. A calf delivered before the times here specified is an abortion and never lives, however little premature its birth may have been, as its hooves are weak and imperfect. The cow as a rule bears but one calf, very seldom two; 30she submits to the bull and bears as long as she lives.
Cows live for about fifteen years, and the bulls too, if they have been castrated; but some live for twenty years or even more, if their bodily constitutions be sound.
Cows live for about fifteen years, and the bulls too, if they have been castrated; but some live for twenty years or even more, if their bodily constitutions be sound.
575b
1 τῶν βοῶν τοὺς τομίας ἐθίζουσι, καὶ καθιστᾶσι τῶν βοῶν
ἡγεμόνας ὥσπερ τῶν προβάτων, καὶ ζῶσιν οὗτοι πλείω
χρόνον τῶν ἄλλων διά τε τὸ <μὴ> πονεῖν καὶ διὰ τὸ νέμεσθαι
ἀκέραιον νομήν. Ἀκμάζει δὲ μάλιστα πεντετὴς ὤν, διὸ καὶ
5 Ὅμηρόν φασι πεποιηκέναι τινὲς ὀρθῶς ποιήσαντα "ἄρσενα
πενταέτηρον" καὶ τὸ "βοὸς ἐννεώροιο"· δύνασθαι γὰρ ταὐτόν.
Τοὺς δ' ὀδόντας βάλλει βοῦς διετής, καὶ οὐκ ἀθρόους ἀλλ'
ὥσπερ ἵππος· τὰς δ' ὁπλάς, ὁπόταν ποδαγρᾷ, οὐκ ἀποβάλλει,
ἀλλ' οἰδεῖ μόνον σφόδρα τοὺς πόδας. Τὸ δὲ γάλα,
10 ὅταν τέκῃ, χρήσιμον γίνεται· ἔμπροσθεν δ' οὐκ ἔχει γάλα.
Τὸ δὲ πρῶτον γινόμενον γάλα ὅταν παγῇ, οὕτω γίνεται σκληρὸν
ὥσπερ λίθος· τοῦτο δὲ συμβαίνει, ἐὰν μή τις μίξῃ ὕδατι.
Νεώτεραι δ' ἐνιαυσίων οὐκ ὀχεύονται, πλὴν ἐάν τι τερατῶδες
ᾖ· ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ δεκάμηνοι ὠχεύθησαν καὶ ὤχευσαν.
15 Ἄρχονται δὲ τῆς ὀχείας περὶ τὸν Θαργηλιῶνα μῆνα καὶ τὸν
Σκιρροφοριῶνα αἱ πλεῖσται· οὐ μὴν ἀλλ' ἔνιαι καὶ μέχρι τοῦ
μετοπώρου κυΐσκονται. Ὅταν δὲ πολλαὶ κύωσι καὶ προσδέχωνται
τὴν ὀχείαν, σφόδρα δοκεῖ σημεῖον εἶναι καὶ χειμῶνος
καὶ ἐπομβρίας. Αἱ δὲ συνήθειαι γίνονται μὲν ταῖς
20 βουσὶν ὥσπερ ταῖς ἵπποις, ἧττον δέ.
1The herdsmen tame the castrated bulls, and give them an office in the herd analogous to the office of the bell-wether in a flock; and these bulls live to an exceptionally advanced age, owing to their exemption from hardship and to their browsing on pasture of good quality. The bull is in fullest vigour 5when five years old, which leads the critics to commend Homer for applying to the bull the epithets of 'five-year-old', or 'of nine seasons', which epithets are alike in meaning. The ox sheds his teeth at the age of two years, not all together but just as the horse sheds his. When the animal suffers from podagra it does not shed the hoof, but is subject to a painful swelling in the 10feet. The milk of the cow is serviceable after parturition, and before parturition there is no milk at all. The milk that first presents itself becomes as hard as stone when it clots; this result ensues unless it be previously diluted with water. Oxen younger than a year old do not copulate unless under circumstances of an unnatural and portentous kind: instances have been recorded 15of copulation in both sexes at the age of four months. Kine in general begin to submit to the male about the month of Thargelion or of Scirophorion; some, however, are capable of conception right on to the autumn. When kine in large numbers receive the bull and conceive, it is looked upon as prognostic of rain and stormy weather. Kine herd together like mares, but in lesser degree.
Book 6,Chapter 22 (575b21–577a17)
Ἵππος δ' ἄρχεται ὀχεύειν ὁ μὲν ἄρρην διετής, καὶ ἡ
θήλεια διετὴς ὀχεύεσθαι· ταῦτα μέντοι ὀλίγα ἐστί, καὶ τὰ
ἔκγονα τούτων ἐλάττω καὶ ἀσθενικώτερα· ὡς δ' ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ
ἄρχονται ὀχεύειν τριετεῖς ὄντες, καὶ αἱ ἵπποι ὀχεύεσθαι,
25 καὶ ἐπιδιδόασι δ' ἀεὶ πρὸς τὸ βελτίω τὰ ἔκγονα γίνεσθαι
μέχρι ἐτῶν εἴκοσιν. Κύει δ' ἕνδεκα μῆνας, δωδεκάτῳ δὲ τίκτει.
Πληροῖ δ' ὁ ἵππος οὐκ ἐν τεταγμέναις ἡμέραις, ἀλλ'
ἐνίοτε μὲν ἐν μιᾷ ἢ δυσὶν ἢ τρισίν, ἐνίοτε δ' ἐν πλείοσιν·
θᾶττον δὲ πληροῖ ἐπιβαίνων ὄνος ἢ ἵππος. Ἡ δ' ὀχεία οὐκ
30 ἐπίπονος τῶν ἵππων, ὥσπερ ἡ τῶν βοῶν. Λαγνίστατον δὲ καὶ
τῶν θηλειῶν καὶ τῶν ἀρρένων μετ' ἄνθρωπον ἵππος ἐστίν. Ἡ δὲ
τῶν νεωτέρων ὀχεία γίνεται παρὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν, ὅταν εὐβοσία
καὶ ἀφθονία γένηται τροφῆς. Ἔστι μὲν οὖν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ
20In the case of horses, the stallion and the mare are first fitted for breeding purposes when two years old. Instances, however, of such early maturity are rare, and their young are exceptionally small and weak; the ordinary age for sexual maturity is three years, and from that age to twenty the two sexes go on improving in the quality of their offspring. The mare carries her 25foal for eleven months, and casts it in the twelfth. It is not a fixed number of days that the stallion takes to impregnate the mare; it may be one, two, three, or more. An ass in covering will impregnate more expeditiously than a stallion. The act of intercourse with horses is not laborious as it is with oxen. In both sexes the horse is the most salacious of animals next after the 30human species. The breeding faculties of the younger horses may be stimulated beyond their years if they be supplied with good feeding in abundance. The mare as a rule bears only one foal; occasionally she has two, but never more.
576a
1 πολὺ μονοτόκος, τίκτει μέντοι ποτὲ καὶ δύο τὰ πλεῖστα.
Καὶ ἡμιόνους δ' ἤδη ἔτεκέ τις δύο· ἃ κρίνουσιν ἐν τέρασιν.
Ὀχεύει μὲν οὖν ἵππος καὶ τριακοντάμηνος· ὥστε δὲ καὶ γεννᾶν
ἀξίως, ὅταν παύσηται βάλλων (ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ βάλλοντες
5 ἐπλήρωσαν, ὡς φασίν), ἐὰν μὴ φύσει ἄγονοι τυγχάνωσιν
ὄντες. Ἔχει μὲν οὖν ὀδόντας τετταράκοντα, βάλλει δὲ
τοὺς μὲν πρώτους τέτταρας τριακοντάμηνος, τοὺς μὲν δύο ἄνωθεν
τοὺς δὲ δύο κάτωθεν· ἐπειδὰν δὲ γένηται ἐνιαυτός, βάλλει
τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον τέτταρας, δύο μὲν ἄνωθεν δύο δὲ κάτωθεν,
10 καὶ πάλιν ὅταν ἄλλος ἐνιαυτὸς γένηται, ἑτέρους τέτταρας
τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον· τεττάρων δ' ἐτῶν παρελθόντων καὶ
ἓξ μηνῶν οὐκέτι βάλλει οὐδένα. Ἤδη δέ τις τὸ πρῶτον εὐθὺς
ἅμα πάντας ἐξέβαλε, καὶ ἄλλος ἅμα τοῖς τελευταίοις
ἅπαντας· ἀλλὰ τὰ τοιαῦτα γίνεται ὀλιγάκις. Ὥστε σχεδὸν
15 συμβαίνει, ὅταν τεττάρων ἐτῶν ᾖ καὶ ἓξ μηνῶν, χρήσιμον
εἶναι πρὸς τὴν γέννησιν μάλιστα. Εἰσὶ δ' οἱ πρεσβύτεροι τῶν
ἵππων γονιμώτεροι, καὶ οἱ ἄρρενες τῶν ἀρρένων καὶ αἱ θήλειαι
τῶν θηλειῶν. Ἀναβαίνουσι δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς μητέρας οἱ
ἵπποι καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς θυγατέρας· καὶ τότε δοκεῖ τέλεον εἶναι
20 τὸ ἱπποφόρβιον, ὅταν ὀχεύωσι τὰ ἑαυτῶν ἔκγονα. Οἱ δὲ
Σκύθαι ἱππεύουσι ταῖς κυούσαις ἵπποις, ὅταν θᾶττον στραφῇ
τὸ ἔμβρυον, καὶ φασὶ γίνεσθαι αὐτὰς εὐτοκωτέρας. Τὰ μὲν
οὖν ἄλλα τετράποδα κατακείμενα τίκτει, διὸ καὶ πλάγια
προέρχεται τὰ ἔμβρυα πάντων· ἡ δ' ἵππος ἡ θήλεια ὅταν
25 ἤδη πλησίον ᾖ τῆς ἀφέσεως, ὀρθὴ στᾶσα προΐεται τὸ ἔκγονον.
Ζῶσι δὲ τῶν ἵππων οἱ μὲν πλεῖστοι περὶ ὀκτωκαίδεκα
ἔτη καὶ εἴκοσιν, ἔνιοι δὲ πεντεκαιείκοσι καὶ τριάκοντα·
ἐὰν δέ τις ἐπιμελῶς θεραπεύῃ, ἐκτείνει καὶ πρὸς τὰ πεντήκοντα.
Ὁ δὲ μακρότατος βίος τῶν πλείστων ἐστὶν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ
30 πολὺ τριακοντετής· ἡ δὲ θήλεια ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ μὲν πέντε
1A mare has been known to cast two mules; but such a circumstance was regarded as unnatural and portentous.
The horse then is first fitted for breeding purposes at the age of two and a half years, but achieves full sexual maturity when it has ceased to shed teeth, except it be naturally infertile; 5it must be added, however, that some horses have been known to impregnate the mare while the teeth were in process of shedding.
The horse has forty teeth. It sheds its first set of four, two from the upper jaw and two from the lower, when two and a half years old. After a year's interval, it sheds another set of four in like manner, and another set of four 10after yet another year's interval; after arriving at the age of four years and six months it sheds no more. An instance has occurred where a horse shed all his teeth at once, and another instance of a horse shedding all his teeth with his last set of four; but such instances are very rare. It consequently happens that a horse when four and a half years old is in 15excellent condition for breeding purposes.
The older horses, whether of the male or female, are the more generatively productive. Horses will cover mares from which they have been foaled and mares which they have begotten; and, indeed, a troop of horses is only considered perfect when such promiscuity of intercourse occurs. Scythians use pregnant mares for riding when 20the embryo has turned rather soon in the womb, and they assert that thereby the mothers have all the easier delivery. Quadrupeds as a rule lie down for parturition, and in consequence the young of them all come out of the womb sideways. The mare, however, when the time for parturition arrives, stands erect and in that posture casts its foal.
The horse in general 25lives for eighteen or twenty years; some horses live for twenty-five or even thirty, and if a horse be treated with extreme care, it may last on to the age of fifty years; a horse, however, when it reaches thirty years is regarded as exceptionally old. The mare lives usually for twenty-five years, though instances have occurred of their attaining the age of forty.
The horse then is first fitted for breeding purposes at the age of two and a half years, but achieves full sexual maturity when it has ceased to shed teeth, except it be naturally infertile; 5it must be added, however, that some horses have been known to impregnate the mare while the teeth were in process of shedding.
The horse has forty teeth. It sheds its first set of four, two from the upper jaw and two from the lower, when two and a half years old. After a year's interval, it sheds another set of four in like manner, and another set of four 10after yet another year's interval; after arriving at the age of four years and six months it sheds no more. An instance has occurred where a horse shed all his teeth at once, and another instance of a horse shedding all his teeth with his last set of four; but such instances are very rare. It consequently happens that a horse when four and a half years old is in 15excellent condition for breeding purposes.
The older horses, whether of the male or female, are the more generatively productive. Horses will cover mares from which they have been foaled and mares which they have begotten; and, indeed, a troop of horses is only considered perfect when such promiscuity of intercourse occurs. Scythians use pregnant mares for riding when 20the embryo has turned rather soon in the womb, and they assert that thereby the mothers have all the easier delivery. Quadrupeds as a rule lie down for parturition, and in consequence the young of them all come out of the womb sideways. The mare, however, when the time for parturition arrives, stands erect and in that posture casts its foal.
The horse in general 25lives for eighteen or twenty years; some horses live for twenty-five or even thirty, and if a horse be treated with extreme care, it may last on to the age of fifty years; a horse, however, when it reaches thirty years is regarded as exceptionally old. The mare lives usually for twenty-five years, though instances have occurred of their attaining the age of forty.
576b
1 καὶ εἴκοσιν ἔτη, ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ τετταράκοντα ἔτη βεβιώκασιν.
Ἐλάττω δὲ χρόνον βιοῦσιν οἱ ἄρρενες τῶν θηλειῶν
διὰ τὰς ὀχείας, καὶ οἱ ἰδίᾳ τρεφόμενοι τῶν ἐν τοῖς ἱπποφορβίοις.
Ἡ μὲν οὖν θήλεια πέντ' ἐτῶν τέλος λαμβάνει μήκους
5 καὶ ὕψους, ὁ δ' ἄρρην ἓξ ἐτῶν· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἐν ἄλλοις
ἓξ ἔτεσι τὸ πλῆθος λαμβάνει τοῦ σώματος, καὶ ἐπιδίδωσι
μέχρι ἐτῶν εἴκοσιν. Ἀποτελειοῦται δὲ τὰ θήλεα τῶν ἀρρένων
ἔμπροσθεν, ἐν δὲ τῇ γαστρὶ τὰ ἄρρενα τῶν θηλειῶν, καθάπερ
καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων· ταὐτὸ δὲ τοῦτο συμβαίνει καὶ ἐπὶ
10 τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων ὅσα <μὴ> πλείω τίκτει. Θηλάζειν δέ φασι τὸν
μὲν ἡμίονον ἑξάμηνον, εἶτ' οὐκέτι προσίεσθαι διὰ τὸ σπᾶσθαι
καὶ πονεῖν· τὸν δ' ἵππον πλείω χρόνον. Ἀκμάζει δὲ καὶ ἵππος
καὶ ἡμίονος μετὰ τοὺς βόλους· ὅταν δὲ πάντας ὦσι βεβληκότες,
οὐ ῥᾴδιον γνῶναι τὴν ἡλικίαν. Διὸ καὶ λέγουσι
15 γνώμην ἔχειν, ὅταν ἄβολος ᾖ· ὅταν δὲ βεβληκώς, οὐκ ἔχειν.
Ὅμως δὲ μάλιστα γνωρίζεται ἡ ἡλικία μετὰ τοὺς βόλους τῷ
κυνόδοντι· τῶν μὲν γὰρ ἱππαστῶν γίνεται μικρὸς διὰ τὴν
τρίψιν (κατὰ τοῦτον γὰρ ἐμβάλλεται ὁ χαλινός), τῶν δὲ
μὴ ἱππαστῶν μέγας μὲν ἀλλ' ἀπηρτημένος, τῶν δὲ νέων
20 ὀξὺς καὶ μακρός. Ὀχεύει δ' ὁ μὲν ἄρρην πᾶσάν τε ὥραν καὶ
ἕως ζῇ· καὶ ἡ θήλεια δ' ὀχεύεται ἕως ἂν ζῇ, οὔπω δὲ πᾶσαν
ὥραν, ἐὰν μή τις δεσμὸν ἢ ἄλλην τινὰ προσενέγκῃ
ἀνάγκην· ὥρα δ' οὐκ ἀφαιρεῖται οὐδεμία τεταγμένη τοῦ ὀχεύεσθαι
καὶ ὀχεύειν. Οὐ μέντοι γε, ὅτ' ἔτυχε γενομένης τῆς ὀχείας,
25 δύνανται ἃ ἂν γεννήσωσιν ἐκτρέφειν. Ἐν Ὀποῦντι δ' ἐν ἱπποφορβίῳ
ἵππος ἐγένετο ὃς ὤχευεν ἐτῶν ὢν τετταράκοντα·
ἔδει δὲ τὰ πρόσθια σκέλη συνεπαίρειν. Ἄρχονται δ' ὀχεύεσθαι
αἱ ἵπποι τοῦ ἔαρος. Ὅταν δὲ τέκῃ ἡ ἵππος, οὐκ εὐθὺς
μετὰ τοῦτο πίμπλαται ἀλλὰ διαλείπει χρόνον, καὶ τίκτει
30 ἄμεινον τετάρτῳ ἢ πέμπτῳ ἔτει μετὰ τὸν τόκον. Ἕνα δ' ἐνιαυτὸν
1The male is less long-lived than the female by reason of the sexual service he is called on to render; and horses that are reared in a private stable live longer than such as are reared in troops. The mare attains her full length and height at five years old, the stallion at six; in another six years the animal reaches its 5full bulk, and goes on improving until it is twenty years old. The female, then, reaches maturity more rapidly than the male, but in the womb the case is reversed, just as is observed in regard to the sexes of the human species; and the same phenomenon is observed in the case of all animals that bear several young.
The mare is said to suckle a mule-foal for six months, but not to allow its approach for any 10longer on account of the pain it is put to by the hard tugging of the young; an ordinary foal it allows to suck for a longer period.
Horse and mule are at their best after the shedding of the teeth. After they have shed them all, it is not easy to distinguish their age; hence they are said to carry their mark before the shedding, but not after. However, even after the shedding their age is pretty well 15recognized by the aid of the canines; for in the case of horses much ridden these teeth are worn away by attrition caused by the insertion of the bit; in the case of horses not ridden the teeth are large and detached, and in young horses they are sharp and small.
The male of the horse will breed at all seasons and during its whole life; the mare can take the horse all its life long, but is not thus ready 20to pair at all seasons unless it be held in check by a halter or some other compulsion be brought to bear. There is no fixed time at which intercourse of the two sexes cannot take place; and accordingly intercourse may chance to take place at a time that may render difficult the rearing of the future progeny. In a stable in Opus there was a stallion that used to serve mares when forty years old: his fore 25legs had to be lifted up for the operation.
Mares first take the horse in the spring-time. After a mare has foaled she does not get impregnated at once again, but only after a considerable interval; in fact, the foals will be all the better if the interval extend over four or five years. It is, at all events, absolutely necessary to allow an interval of one year, and for that period to let her lie fallow.
The mare is said to suckle a mule-foal for six months, but not to allow its approach for any 10longer on account of the pain it is put to by the hard tugging of the young; an ordinary foal it allows to suck for a longer period.
Horse and mule are at their best after the shedding of the teeth. After they have shed them all, it is not easy to distinguish their age; hence they are said to carry their mark before the shedding, but not after. However, even after the shedding their age is pretty well 15recognized by the aid of the canines; for in the case of horses much ridden these teeth are worn away by attrition caused by the insertion of the bit; in the case of horses not ridden the teeth are large and detached, and in young horses they are sharp and small.
The male of the horse will breed at all seasons and during its whole life; the mare can take the horse all its life long, but is not thus ready 20to pair at all seasons unless it be held in check by a halter or some other compulsion be brought to bear. There is no fixed time at which intercourse of the two sexes cannot take place; and accordingly intercourse may chance to take place at a time that may render difficult the rearing of the future progeny. In a stable in Opus there was a stallion that used to serve mares when forty years old: his fore 25legs had to be lifted up for the operation.
Mares first take the horse in the spring-time. After a mare has foaled she does not get impregnated at once again, but only after a considerable interval; in fact, the foals will be all the better if the interval extend over four or five years. It is, at all events, absolutely necessary to allow an interval of one year, and for that period to let her lie fallow.
577a
1 καὶ πάμπαν ἀνάγκη διαλείπειν καὶ ποιεῖν ὥςπερ
νειόν. Ἵππος μὲν οὖν διαλείπουσα τίκτει, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, ὄνος
δὲ συνεχῶς. Γίνονται δὲ τῶν ἵππων αἱ μὲν καὶ ἄτεκνοι ὅλως,
αἱ δὲ συλλαμβάνουσι μέν, οὐ δύνανται δ' ἐκφέρειν· σημεῖον
5 δὲ τῶν τοιούτων λέγουσιν εἶναι, τὸ ἔμβρυον ἀνασχιζόμενον
ἔχειν ἄλλα νεφροειδῆ περὶ τοὺς νεφρούς, ὥστε δοκεῖν τέτταρας
ἔχειν νεφρούς. Ὅταν δὲ τέκῃ ἡ ἵππος, τό τε χόριον εὐθὺς
κατεσθίει, καὶ ἀπεσθίει τοῦ πώλου ὃ ἐπιφύεται ἐπὶ τοῦ μετώπου
τῶν πώλων, καλεῖται δ' ἱππομανές· ἔστι δὲ τὸ μέγεθος
10 ἔλαττον μικρῷ ἰσχάδος, τὴν δ' ἰδέαν πλατύ, περιφερές,
μέλαν. Τοῦτο δ' ἐάν τις φθῇ λαβὼν καὶ ὄσφρηται ἡ ἵππος,
ἐξίσταται καὶ μαίνεται πρὸς τὴν ὀσμήν· διὸ καὶ τοῦτο αἱ
φαρμακίδες ζητοῦσι καὶ συλλέγουσιν. Ἐὰν δ' ὠχευμένην ἵππον
ὑπὸ ἵππου ὄνος ὀχεύσῃ, διαφθείρει τὸ ἔμβρυον τὸ ἐνυπάρχον.
15 Ἵππων δ' ἡγεμόνα οὐ καθιστᾶσιν οἱ ἱπποφορβοὶ
ὥσπερ τῶν βοῶν, [διὰ τὸ μὴ μόνιμον εἶναι τὴν φύσιν αὐτῶν
ἀλλ' ὀξεῖαν καὶ εὐκίνητον].
1A mare, then, breeds at intervals; a she-ass breeds on and on without intermission. Of mares some are absolutely sterile, others are capable of conception but incapable of bringing the foal to full term; it is said to be an indication of this condition in a mare, that her foal if dissected is found to have 5other kidney-shaped substances round about its kidneys, presenting the appearance of having four kidneys.
After parturition the mare at once swallows the after-birth, and bites off the growth, called the 'hippomanes', that is found on the forehead of the foal. This growth is somewhat smaller than a dried fig; and in shape is broad and round, and in colour black. If any bystander 10gets possession of it before the mare, and the mare gets a smell of it, she goes wild and frantic at the smell. And it is for this reason that venders of drugs and simples hold the substance in high request and include it among their stores.
If an ass cover a mare after the mare has been covered by a horse, the ass will destroy the previously formed embryo.
(Horse-trainers do 15not appoint a horse as leader to a troop, as herdsmen appoint a bull as leader to a herd, and for this reason that the horse is not steady but quick-tempered and skittish.)
After parturition the mare at once swallows the after-birth, and bites off the growth, called the 'hippomanes', that is found on the forehead of the foal. This growth is somewhat smaller than a dried fig; and in shape is broad and round, and in colour black. If any bystander 10gets possession of it before the mare, and the mare gets a smell of it, she goes wild and frantic at the smell. And it is for this reason that venders of drugs and simples hold the substance in high request and include it among their stores.
If an ass cover a mare after the mare has been covered by a horse, the ass will destroy the previously formed embryo.
(Horse-trainers do 15not appoint a horse as leader to a troop, as herdsmen appoint a bull as leader to a herd, and for this reason that the horse is not steady but quick-tempered and skittish.)
Book 6,Chapter 23 (577a18–577b18)
Ὄνος δ' ὀχεύει μὲν καὶ ὀχεύεται τριακοντάμηνος, καὶ
βάλλει τοὺς πρώτους ὀδόντας· τοὺς δὲ δευτέρους ἕκτῳ μηνί,
20 καὶ τοὺς τρίτους καὶ τοὺς τετάρτους ὡσαύτως· τούτους δὲ
γνώμονας καλοῦσι, τοὺς τετάρτους. Ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἐνιαυσία ὄνος
ἐκύησεν ὥστε καὶ ἐκτραφῆναι. Ἐξουρεῖ δ', ὅταν ὀχευθῇ, τὴν
γονήν, ἐὰν μὴ κωλύηται· διὸ τύπτουσι μετὰ τὴν ὀχείαν εὐθὺς
καὶ διώκουσιν. Τίκτει δὲ δωδεκάτῳ μηνί. Τίκτει δὲ τὰ μὲν
25 πολλὰ ἕν· μονοτόκον γάρ ἐστι φύσει· τίκτει δ' ἐνίοτε καὶ
δύο. Ὁ μὲν οὖν ὄνος ἐπαναβὰς διαφθείρει τὸ τοῦ ἵππου ὄχευμα,
ὥσπερ εἴρηται· ὁ δ' ἵππος τὸ τοῦ ὄνου οὐ διαφθείρει, ὅταν
ᾖ ὠχευμένη ἡ ἵππος ὑπὸ τοῦ ὄνου. Ἴσχει δὲ γάλα κύουσα δεκάμηνος
οὖσα. Τεκοῦσα δὲ βιβάζεται ἑβδόμῃ ἡμέρᾳ, καὶ
30 μάλιστα δέχεται τὸ πλῆσμα ταύτῃ βιβασθεῖσα τῇ ἡμέρᾳ,
λαμβάνει δὲ καὶ ὕστερον. Ἐὰν δὲ μὴ τέκῃ πρὶν τὸ γνῶμα
λιπεῖν, οὐκέτι λαμβάνει πλῆσμα οὐδὲ κυΐσκεται τοῦ λοιποῦ
The ass of both sexes is capable of breeding, and sheds its first teeth at the age of two and a half years; it sheds its second teeth within six months, its third within another six months, and the fourth after 20the like interval. These fourth teeth are termed the gnomons or age-indicators.
A she-ass has been known to conceive when a year old, and the foal to be reared. After intercourse with the male it will discharge the genital sperm unless it be hindered, and for this reason it is usually beaten after such intercourse and chased about. It casts its young in the twelfth month. It usually 25bears but one foal, and that is its natural number, occasionally however it bears twins. The ass if it cover a mare destroys, as has been said, the embryo previously begotten by the horse; but, after the mare has been covered by the ass, the horse supervening will not spoil the embryo. The she-ass has milk in the tenth month of pregnancy. Seven days after casting a foal the 30she-ass submits to the male, and is almost sure to conceive if put to the male on this particular day; the same result, however, is quite possible later on.
A she-ass has been known to conceive when a year old, and the foal to be reared. After intercourse with the male it will discharge the genital sperm unless it be hindered, and for this reason it is usually beaten after such intercourse and chased about. It casts its young in the twelfth month. It usually 25bears but one foal, and that is its natural number, occasionally however it bears twins. The ass if it cover a mare destroys, as has been said, the embryo previously begotten by the horse; but, after the mare has been covered by the ass, the horse supervening will not spoil the embryo. The she-ass has milk in the tenth month of pregnancy. Seven days after casting a foal the 30she-ass submits to the male, and is almost sure to conceive if put to the male on this particular day; the same result, however, is quite possible later on.
577b
1 βίου παντός. Τίκτειν δ' οὐ θέλει οὔτε ὁρωμένη ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπου
οὔτ' ἐν τῷ φωτί, ἀλλ' εἰς τὸ σκότος ἀπάγουσιν, ὅταν
μέλλῃ τίκτειν. Τίκτει δὲ διὰ βίου, ἐὰν τέκῃ πρὶν τὸ γνῶμα λιπεῖν.
Βιοῖ δ' ὄνος πλείω τριάκοντ' ἐτῶν, καὶ ἡ θήλεια τοῦ ἄρρενος
5 πλείω ἔτη. Ὅταν δ' ἵππος ὀχεύσῃ ὄνον ἢ ὄνος ἵππον, πολὺ
μᾶλλον ἐξαμβλοῖ ἢ ὅταν τὰ ὁμογενῆ ἀλλήλοις μιχθῇ,
οἷον ἵππος ἵππῳ ἢ ὄνος ὄνῳ. Ἀποβαίνει δὲ καὶ ὁ τῆς κυήσεως
χρόνος, ὅταν μιχθῇ ἵππος καὶ ὄνος, κατὰ τὸ ἄρρεν,
λέγω δ' ἐν ὅσῳ χρόνῳ τοῦτο γίνεται ἐξ ὁμογωνῶν γινόμενον.
10 Τὸ δὲ μέγεθος τοῦ σώματος καὶ τὸ εἶδος καὶ ἡ ἰσχὺς
μᾶλλον τῷ θήλει ἀφομοιοῦται τοῦ γενομένου. Ἐὰν δὲ συνεχῶς
μίσγηται καὶ μὴ διαλείπῃ χρόνον τινὰ οὕτως ὀχευόμενα, ταχέως
ἄγονον τὸ θῆλυ γίνεται· διὸ συνεχῶς οὐ μίσγουσιν
οὕτως οἱ περὶ ταῦτα πραγματευόμενοι, ἀλλὰ διαλείπουσί
15 τινα χρόνον. Οὐ προσδέχεται δ' οὔτε ἡ ἵππος τὸν ὄνον οὔτε ἡ
ὄνος τὸν ἵππον, ἐὰν μὴ τύχῃ τεθηλακὼς ὁ ὄνος ἵππον· ὑποβάλλουσι
γὰρ ἐπίτηδες οὓς καλοῦσιν ἱπποθήλας. Οὗτοι δ'
ὀχεύουσιν ἐν τῇ νομῇ βίᾳ κρατοῦντες, ὥσπερ οἱ ἵπποι.
1The she-ass will refuse to cast her foal with any one looking on or in the daylight and just before foaling she has to be led away into a dark place. If the she-ass has had young before the shedding of the index-teeth, she will bear all her life through; but if not, then she will neither conceive nor bear for the rest of her days. The ass 5lives for more than thirty years, and the she-ass lives longer than the male.
When there is a cross between a horse and a she-ass or a jackass and a mare, there is much greater chance of a miscarriage than where the commerce is normal. The period for gestation in the case of a cross depends on the male, and is just what it would have been if the male had had commerce with a female of his own kind. In regard to size, looks, 10and vigour, the foal is more apt to resemble the mother than the sire. If such hybrid connexions be continued without intermittence, the female will soon go sterile; and for this reason trainers always allow of intervals between breeding times. A mare will not take the ass, nor a she ass the horse, unless the ass or she-ass shall have been suckled by a mare; and for this reason trainers put foals of the she-ass under 15mares, which foals are technically spoken of as 'mare-suckled'. These asses, thus reared, mount the mares in the open pastures, mastering them by force as the stallions do.
When there is a cross between a horse and a she-ass or a jackass and a mare, there is much greater chance of a miscarriage than where the commerce is normal. The period for gestation in the case of a cross depends on the male, and is just what it would have been if the male had had commerce with a female of his own kind. In regard to size, looks, 10and vigour, the foal is more apt to resemble the mother than the sire. If such hybrid connexions be continued without intermittence, the female will soon go sterile; and for this reason trainers always allow of intervals between breeding times. A mare will not take the ass, nor a she ass the horse, unless the ass or she-ass shall have been suckled by a mare; and for this reason trainers put foals of the she-ass under 15mares, which foals are technically spoken of as 'mare-suckled'. These asses, thus reared, mount the mares in the open pastures, mastering them by force as the stallions do.
Book 6,Chapter 24 (577b19–578a5)
Ὁ δ' ὀρεὺς ἀναβαίνει μὲν καὶ ὀχεύει μετὰ τὸν πρῶτον
20 βόλον, ἑπταετὴς δ' ὢν καὶ πληροῖ, καὶ ἤδη ἐγένετο
γίννος ὅταν ἀναβῇ ἐφ' ἵππον θήλειαν· ὕστερον δ' οὐκέτι ἀναβαίνει.
Καὶ ὁ θῆλυς δ' ὀρεὺς ἤδη ἐπληρώθη, οὐ μέντοι γε
ὥστ' ἐξενεγκεῖν διὰ τέλους. Αἱ δ' ἐν τῇ Συρίᾳ τῇ ὑπὲρ Φοινίκης
ἡμίονοι καὶ ὀχεύονται καὶ τίκτουσιν· ἀλλ' ἔστι τὸ γένος
25 ὅμοιον μὲν ἕτερον δέ. Οἱ δὲ καλούμενοι γίννοι γίνονται
ἐξ ἵππου, ὅταν νοσήσῃ ἐν τῇ κυήσει, ὥσπερ ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις
οἱ νάνοι, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ὑσὶ τὰ μετάχοιρα· καὶ ἴσχει
δέ, ὥσπερ οἱ νάνοι, ὁ γίννος τὸ αἰδοῖον μέγα. Ζῇ δ' ἡμίονος
ἔτη πολλά· ἤδη γάρ τις βεβίωκεν ἔτη καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα,
30 οἷον Ἀθήνησιν ὅτε τὸν νεὼν ᾠκοδόμουν· ὃς καὶ ἀφειμένος
ἤδη διὰ τὸ γῆρας συναμπρεύων καὶ παραπορευόμενος παρώξυνε
τὰ ζεύγη πρὸς τὸ ἔργον, ὥστ' ἐψηφίσαντο μὴ ἀπελαύνειν
A mule is fitted for commerce with the female after the first shedding of its teeth, and at the age of seven will impregnate effectually; and where connexion has taken place with a mare, a 'hinny' has been known to be produced. After the seventh year it 20has no further intercourse with the female. A female mule has been known to be impregnated, but without the impregnation being followed up by parturition. In Syrophoenicia she-mules submit to the mule and bear young; but the breed, though it resembles the ordinary one, is different and specific. The hinny or stunted mule is foaled by a mare when she has gone sick during gestation, and corresponds to the dwarf in the human 25species and to the after-pig or scut in swine; and as is the case with dwarfs, the sexual organ of the hinny is abnormally large.
The mule lives for a number of years. There are on record cases of mules living to the age of eighty, as did one in Athens at the time of the building of the temple; this mule on account of its age was let go free, but continued to assist in dragging burdens, and would go side by side with 30the other draught-beasts and stimulate them to their work; and in consequence a public decree was passed forbidding any baker driving the creature away from his bread-tray.
The mule lives for a number of years. There are on record cases of mules living to the age of eighty, as did one in Athens at the time of the building of the temple; this mule on account of its age was let go free, but continued to assist in dragging burdens, and would go side by side with 30the other draught-beasts and stimulate them to their work; and in consequence a public decree was passed forbidding any baker driving the creature away from his bread-tray.
578a
1 αὐτὸν τοὺς σιτοπώλας ἀπὸ τῶν τηλιῶν. Γηράςκει
δὲ βραδύτερον ὁ θῆλυς ὀρεὺς τοῦ ἄρρενος. Λέγουσι δ' ἔνιοι
ὅτι ἡ μὲν καθαίρεται οὐροῦσα, ὁ δ' ἄρρην διὰ τὸ ὀσφραίνεσθαι
τοῦ οὔρου γηράσκει θᾶττον.
5 Τούτων μὲν οὖν τῶν ζῴων αἱ γενέσεις τοῦτον ἔχουσι τὸν
τρόπον.
1The she-mule grows old more slowly than the mule. Some assert that the she-mule menstruates by the act of voiding her urine, and that the mule owes the prematurity of his decay to his habit of smelling at the urine. So much for the modes of generation in 5connexion with these animals.
Book 6,Chapter 25 (578a6–9)
Τὰ δὲ νέα καὶ τὰ παλαιὰ τετράποδα διαγινώσκουσιν
οἱ περὶ τὰς θεραπείας ὄντες αὐτῶν· ἐὰν μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς
γνάθου τὸ δέρμα ἐφελκόμενον ταχὺ ἐπίῃ, νέον τὸ τετράπουν,
ἐὰν δὲ πολὺν χρόνον μένῃ ἐρρυτιδωμένον, παλαιόν.
Breeders and trainers can distinguish between young and old quadrupeds. If, when drawn back from the jaw, the skin at once goes back to its place, the animal is young; if it remains long wrinkled up, the animal is old.
Book 6,Chapter 26 (578a10–16)
10 Ἡ δὲ κάμηλος κύει μὲν δέκα μῆνας, τίκτει δ' ἀεὶ ἓν
μόνον· μονοτόκον γάρ ἐστιν. Ἐκκρίνουσι δ' ἐκ τῶν καμήλων
ἐνιαύσιον τὸ ἔκγονον. Ζῇ δὲ χρόνον πολύν, πλείω ἢ πεντήκοντα
ἔτη. Τίκτει δὲ τοῦ ἔαρος, καὶ γάλα ἔχει μέχρι οὗ ἂν
ἐν γαστρὶ λάβῃ. Ἔχει δὲ καὶ τὰ κρέα καὶ τὸ γάλα ἥδιστα
15 πάντων· πίνουσι δὲ τὸ γάλα δύο καὶ ἕνα ἢ τρία καὶ ἕνα πρὸς
ὕδωρ κεράσαντες.
The camel carries its young for ten months, and bears but one at a 10time and never more; the young camel is removed from the mother when a year old. The animal lives for a long period, more than fifty years. It bears in spring-time, and gives milk until the time of the next conception. Its flesh and milk are exceptionally palatable. The milk is drunk mixed with water in the proportion 15of either two to one or three to one.
Book 6,Chapter 27 (578a17–24)
Ὁ δ' ἐλέφας ὀχεύει καὶ ὀχεύεται πρῶτον εἴκοσιν ἐτῶν.
Ὅταν δ' ὀχευθῇ ἡ θήλεια, φέρει ἐν γαστρί, ὡς μέν τινές φασιν,
ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ ἓξ μῆνας, ὡς δ' ἕτεροι, τρί' ἔτη· τοῦ δὲ
20 μὴ ὁμολογεῖσθαι τὸν χρόνον αἴτιον τὸ μὴ εὐθεώρητον εἶναι
τὴν ὀχείαν. Τίκτει δ' ἡ θήλεια συγκαθίσασα ἐπὶ τὰ ὄπισθεν,
καὶ ἀλγοῦσα δήλη ἐστίν. Ὁ δὲ σκύμνος ὅταν γένηται, θηλάζει
τῷ στόματι καὶ οὐ τῷ μυκτῆρι, καὶ βαδίζει καὶ βλέπει
εὐθὺς γεννηθείς.
The elephant of either sex is fitted for breeding before reaching the age of twenty. The female carries her young, according to some accounts, for two and a half years; according to others, for three years; and the discrepancy in the assigned periods is due to the fact that 20there are never human eyewitnesses to the commerce between the sexes. The female settles down on its rear to cast its young, and obviously suffers greatly during the process. The young one, immediately after birth, sucks the mother, not with its trunk but with the mouth; and can walk about and see distinctly the 25moment it is born.
Book 6,Chapter 28 (578a25–578b5)
25 Αἱ δ' ὕες αἱ ἄγριαι τοῦ χειμῶνος ἀρχομένου ὀχεύονται,
τίκτουσι δὲ τοῦ ἔαρος ἀποχωροῦσαι εἰς τοὺς δυσβατωτάτους
τόπους καὶ ἀποκρήμνους μάλιστα καὶ φαραγγώδεις καὶ
συσκίους. Διατρίβει δ' ὁ ἄρρην ἐν ταῖς ὑσὶν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἡμέρας
τριάκοντα. Τὸ δὲ πλῆθος τῶν τικτομένων καὶ ὁ χρόνος τῆς
30 κυήσεως ὁ αὐτὸς καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἡμέρων ὑῶν ἐστιν. Τὰς δὲ φωνὰς
παραπλησίας ἔχουσι τοῖς ἡμέροις, πλὴν μᾶλλον ἡ θήλεια
φωνεῖ, ὁ δ' ἄρρην σπανίως. Τῶν δ' ἀρρένων καὶ ἀγρίων
οἱ τομίαι μείζους γίνονται καὶ χαλεπώτεροι, ὥσπερ καὶ
The wild sow submits to the boar at the beginning of winter, and in the spring-time retreats for parturition to a lair in some district inaccessible to intrusion, hemmed in with sheer cliffs and chasms and overshadowed by trees. The boar usually remains by the sow for thirty days. The number of the 30litter and the period gestation is the same as in the case of the domesticated congener. The sound of the grunt also is similar; only that the sow grunts continually, and the boar but seldom.
578b
1 Ὅμηρος ἐποίησεν "θρέψεν ἔπι χλούνην σῦν ἄγριον· οὐδὲ
ἐῴκει θηρί γε σιτοφάγῳ, ἀλλὰ ῥίῳ ὑλήεντι." Γίνονται δὲ
τομίαι διὰ τὸ νέοις οὖσιν ἐμπίπτειν νόσημα κνησμὸν εἰς
τοὺς ὄρχεις· εἶτα ξυόμενοι πρὸς τὰ δένδρα ἐκθλίβουσι τοὺς
5 ὄρχεις.
1Of the wild boars such as are castrated grow to the largest size and become fiercest: to which circumstance Homer alludes when he says:- 'He reared against him a wild castrated boar: it was not like a food-devouring brute, but like a forest-clad promontory.'
Wild boars become castrated owing to an itch befalling them 5in early life in the region of the testicles, and the castration is superinduced by their rubbing themselves against the trunks of trees.
Wild boars become castrated owing to an itch befalling them 5in early life in the region of the testicles, and the castration is superinduced by their rubbing themselves against the trunks of trees.
Book 6,Chapter 29 (578b6–579a17)
Ἡ δ' ἔλαφος τὴν μὲν ὀχείαν ποιεῖται, καθάπερ ἐλέχθη
πρότερον, τὰ πλεῖστα μὲν ὑπαγωγῆς (οὐ γὰρ ὑπομένει ἡ
θήλεια τὸν ἄρρενα πολλάκις διὰ τὴν συντονίαν), οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ
καὶ ὑπομένουσαι ἐνίοτε ὀχεύονται, καθάπερ τὰ πρόβατα·
10 καὶ ὅταν ὀργῶσι, παρεκκλίνουσιν ἀλλήλας. Μεταλλάττει δ'
ὁ ἄρρην καὶ οὐ πρὸς μιᾷ διατρίβει, ἀλλὰ διαλιπὼν βραχὺν
χρόνον πλησιάζει ἄλλαις. Ἡ δ' ὀχεία γίνεται μετ' ἀρκτοῦρον
περὶ τὸν Βοηδρομιῶνα καὶ Μαιμακτηριῶνα. Κύει δ'
ὀκτὼ μῆνας· κυΐσκεται δ' ἐν ὀλίγαις ἡμέραις, καὶ ὑφ' ἑνὸς
15 πολλαί. Τίκτει δ' ὡς μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἕν, ἤδη δέ τινες ὠμμέναι
εἰσὶν ὀλίγαι καὶ δύο. Καὶ ποιεῖται τοὺς τόκους παρὰ
τὰς ὁδοὺς διὰ τὸν πρὸς τὰ θηρία φόβον. Ἡ δ' αὔξησις ταχεῖα
τῶν νεβρῶν. Κάθαρσις δὲ κατ' ἄλλους μὲν χρόνους οὐ
συμβαίνει ταῖς ἐλάφοις· ὅταν δὲ τίκτωσι, γίνεται φλεγματώδης
20 αὐταῖς κάθαρσις. Εἴθισται δ' ἄγειν τοὺς νεβροὺς ἐπὶ
τοὺς σταθμούς· ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο τὸ χωρίον αὐταῖς καταφυγή, πέτρα
περιρραγεῖσα μίαν ἔχουσα εἴσοδον, οὗ καὶ ἀμύνεσθαι εἴωθε
τοὺς ἐπιτιθεμένους. Περὶ δὲ τῆς ζωῆς μυθολογεῖται
μὲν ὡς ὂν μακρόβιον, οὐ φαίνεται δ' οὔτε τῶν μυθολογουμένων
25 οὐδὲν σαφές, ἥ τε κύησις καὶ ἡ αὔξησις τῶν νεβρῶν
συμβαίνει οὐχ ὡς μακροβίου τοῦ ζῴου ὄντος. Ἐν δὲ τῷ ὄρει τῷ
Ἐλαφώεντι καλουμένῳ, ὅ ἐστι τῆς Ἀσίας ἐν τῇ Ἀργινούσῃ,
οὗ ἐτελεύτησεν Ἀλκιβιάδης, αἱ ἔλαφοι πᾶσαι τὸ οὖς ἐσχισμέναι
εἰσίν, ὥστε κἂν ἐκτοπίσωσι γινώσκεσθαι τούτῳ· καὶ
30 τὰ ἔμβρυα δ' ἐν τῇ γαστρὶ ὄντα εὐθὺς ἔχει τοῦτο τὸ σημεῖον.
Θηλὰς δ' ἔχουσιν αἱ θήλειαι τέτταρας ὥσπερ αἱ βόες. Ἐπειδὰν
δὲ πλησθῶσιν αἱ θήλειαι, ἐκκρίνονται οἱ ἄρρενες καθ' ἑαυτούς,
καὶ διὰ τὴν ὁρμὴν τὴν τῶν ἀφροδισίων ἕκαστος μονούμενος
The hind, as has been stated, submits to the stag as a rule only under compulsion, as she is unable to endure the male often owing to the rigidity of the penis. However, they do occasionally submit to the stag as the ewe submits ram; and when they are in heat the 10hinds avoid one another. The stag is not constant to one particular hind, but after a while quits one and mates with others. The breeding time is after the rising of Arcturus, during the months of Boedromion and Maimacterion. The period of gestation lasts for eight months. Conception comes on a few days after intercourse; and a number of hinds can be impregnated by a single male. The hind, as a 15rule, bears but one fawn, although instances have been known of her casting two. Out of dread of wild beasts she casts her young by the side of the high-road. The young fawn grows with rapidity. Menstruation occurs at no other time with the hind; it takes place only after parturition, and the substance is phlegm-like.
The hind leads the fawn to her lair; this is her place of refuge, a cave with a 20single inlet, inside which she shelters herself against attack.
Fabulous stories are told concerning the longevity of the animal, but the stories have never been verified, and the brevity of the period of gestation and the rapidity of growth in the fawn would not lead one to attribute extreme longevity to this creature.
In the mountain called Elaphoeis or Deer Mountain, which is in Arginussa in Asia 25Minor-the place, by the way, where Alcibiades was assassinated-all the hinds have the ear split, so that, if they stray to a distance, they can be recognized by this mark; and the embryo actually has the mark while yet in the womb of the mother.
The hind has four teats like the cow. After the hinds have become pregnant, the males all segregate one by one, and in consequence of the violence of their 30sexual passions they keep each one to himself, dig a hole in the ground, and bellow from time to time; in all these particulars they resemble the goat, and their foreheads from getting wetted become black, as is also the case with the goat.
The hind leads the fawn to her lair; this is her place of refuge, a cave with a 20single inlet, inside which she shelters herself against attack.
Fabulous stories are told concerning the longevity of the animal, but the stories have never been verified, and the brevity of the period of gestation and the rapidity of growth in the fawn would not lead one to attribute extreme longevity to this creature.
In the mountain called Elaphoeis or Deer Mountain, which is in Arginussa in Asia 25Minor-the place, by the way, where Alcibiades was assassinated-all the hinds have the ear split, so that, if they stray to a distance, they can be recognized by this mark; and the embryo actually has the mark while yet in the womb of the mother.
The hind has four teats like the cow. After the hinds have become pregnant, the males all segregate one by one, and in consequence of the violence of their 30sexual passions they keep each one to himself, dig a hole in the ground, and bellow from time to time; in all these particulars they resemble the goat, and their foreheads from getting wetted become black, as is also the case with the goat.
579a
1 βόθρους ὀρύττει, καὶ βρωμᾶται ὥσπερ οἱ τράγοι·
καὶ τὰ πρόσωπα διὰ τὸ ῥαίνεσθαι μέλανα γίνεται αὐτῶν, ὥςπερ
τῶν τράγων. Οὕτω δὲ διάγουσιν, ἕως ἂν ὕδωρ γένηται·
μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τρέπονται πρὸς τὴν νομήν. Ταῦτα δὲ ποιεῖ
5 τὸ ζῷον διὰ τὸ φύσει λάγνον εἶναι καὶ διὰ τὴν παχύτητα·
ὑπερβάλλουσα γὰρ γίνεται τοῦ θέρους αὐτῶν, διὸ καὶ οὐ δύνανται
θεῖν, ἀλλ' ἁλίσκονται ὑπὸ τῶν πεζῇ διωκόντων ἐν τῷ
δευτέρῳ δρόμῳ καὶ τρίτῳ, καὶ φεύγουσι διὰ τὸ καῦμα καὶ
τὸ ἄσθμα εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ. Καθ' ὃν δὲ χρόνον ὀχεύουσι, τὰ κρέα
10 γίνεται φαῦλα καὶ δυσώδη, καθάπερ καὶ τῶν τράγων. Ἐν
μὲν οὖν τῷ χειμῶνι γίνονται λεπτοὶ καὶ ἀσθενεῖς, πρὸς δ'
ἔαρ μάλιστ' ἀκμάζουσι πρὸς τὸ δραμεῖν. Ἐν δὲ τῷ φεύγειν
ἀνάπαυσιν ποιοῦνται τῶν δρόμων, καὶ ὑφιστάμενοι μένουσιν
ἕως ἂν πλησίον ἔλθῃ ὁ διώκων· τότε δὲ πάλιν φεύγουσιν.
15 Τοῦτο δὲ δοκοῦσι ποιεῖν διὰ τὸ πονεῖν τὰ ἐντός· τὸ γὰρ ἔντερον
ἔχει λεπτὸν καὶ ἀσθενὲς οὕτως ὥστ' ἐὰν ἠρέμα τις πατάξη,
διακόπτεται τοῦ δέρματος ὑγιοῦς ὄντος.
1In this way they pass the time until the rain falls, after which time they turn to pasture. The animal acts in this way owing to its sexual wantonness and also to its obesity; for in summer-time it becomes so exceptionally fat as to be unable to run: in fact at this period they can be overtaken 5by the hunters that pursue them on foot in the second or third run; and, by the way, in consequence of the heat of the weather and their getting out of breath they always make for water in their runs. In the rutting season, the flesh of the deer is unsavoury and rank, like the flesh of the he-goat. In winter-time the deer becomes thin and weak, but towards the 10approach of the spring he is at his best for running. When on the run the deer keeps pausing from time to time, and waits until his pursuer draws upon him, whereupon he starts off again. This habit appears due to some internal pain: at all events, the gut is so slender and weak that, if you strike the animal ever so softly, it is apt to break asunder, though the hide 15of the animal remains sound and uninjured.
Book 6,Chapter 30 (579a18–30)
Αἱ δ' ἄρκτοι τὴν μὲν ὀχείαν ποιοῦνται, ὥσπερ εἴρηται
πρότερον, οὐκ ἀναβαδὸν ἀλλὰ κατακεκλιμέναι ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.
20 Κύει δ' ἄρκτος τριάκονθ' ἡμέρας. Τίκτει δὲ καὶ ἓν καὶ δύο,
τὰ δὲ πλεῖστα πέντε. Ἐλάχιστον δὲ τίκτει τὸ ἔμβρυον τῷ
μεγέθει ὡς κατὰ τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἑαυτῆς· ἔλαττον μὲν γὰρ
γαλῆς τίκτει, μεῖζον δὲ μυός, καὶ ψιλὸν καὶ τυφλόν,
καὶ σχεδὸν ἀδιάρθρωτα τὰ σκέλη καὶ τὰ πλεῖστα τῶν μορίων.
25 Τὴν δ' ὀχείαν ποιεῖται τοῦ μηνὸς τοῦ Ἐλαφηβολιῶνος,
τίκτει δὲ περὶ τὴν ὥραν τὴν τοῦ φωλεύειν. Γίνονται μὲν οὖν
περὶ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον καὶ ἡ θήλεια καὶ ἡ ἄρρην πιότατοι·
ὅταν δ' ἐκθρέψῃ, τρίτῳ μηνὶ ἐκφαίνουσιν ἤδη τοῦ ἔαρος. Καὶ
ἡ ὕστριξ δὲ φωλεῖ καὶ κύει ἴσας ἡμέρας, καὶ τἆλλα ὡςαύτως
30 τῇ ἄρκτῳ. Κύουσαν δ' ἄρκτον ἔργον ἐστὶ λαβεῖν.
Bears, as has been previously stated, do not copulate with the male mounting the back of the female, but with the female lying down under the male. The she-bear goes with young for thirty days. She brings forth sometimes one cub, sometimes two cubs, and at most five. Of all animals the newly born cub of the she bear is 20the smallest in proportion to the size of the mother; that is to say, it is larger than a mouse but smaller than a weasel. It is also smooth and blind, and its legs and most of its organs are as yet inarticulate. Pairing takes Place in the month of Elaphebolion, and parturition about the time for retiring into winter quarters; about this time the bear and the she-bear 25are at the fattest. After the she-bear has reared her young, she comes out of her winter lair in the third month, when it is already spring. The female porcupine, by the way, hibernates and goes with young the same number of days as the she-bear, and in all respects as to parturition resembles this animal. When a she-bear is with young, it is a very hard task to 30catch her.
Book 6,Chapter 31 (579a31–579b14)
Λέων δ' ὅτι μὲν ὀχεύει ὄπισθεν καὶ ἔστιν ὀπισθουρητικόν,
εἴρηται πρότερον· ὀχεύει δὲ καὶ τίκτει οὐ πᾶσαν ὥραν, καθ'
ἕκαστον μέντοι τὸν ἐνιαυτόν. Τίκτει μὲν οὖν τοῦ ἔαρος, τίκτει
It has already been stated that the lion and lioness copulate rearwards, and that these animals are opisthuretic. They do not copulate nor bring forth at all seasons indiscriminately, but once in the year only.
579b
1 δ' ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ δύο, τὰ μέντοι πλεῖστα ἕξ· τίκτει δ'
ἐνίοτε καὶ ἕν. Ὁ δὲ λεχθεὶς μῦθος περὶ τοῦ ἐκβάλλειν τὰς ὑστέρας
τίκτοντα ληρώδης ἐστί, συνετέθη δ' ἐκ τοῦ σπανίους εἶναι
τοὺς λέοντας, ἀποροῦντος τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ τὸν μῦθον συνθέντος·
5 σπάνιον γὰρ τὸ γένος τὸ τῶν λεόντων ἐστὶ καὶ οὐκ ἐν πολλῷ
γίνεται τόπῳ, ἀλλὰ τῆς Εὐρώπης ἁπάσης ἐν τῷ μεταξὺ
τοῦ Ἀχελῴου καὶ τοῦ Νέσσου ποταμοῦ. Τίκτει δὲ καὶ ὁ λέων
πάνυ μικρὰ οὕτως ὥστε δίμηνα ὄντα μόλις βαδίζειν. Οἱ δ' ἐν
Συρίᾳ λέοντες τίκτουσι πεντάκις, τὸ πρῶτον πέντε, εἶτ' ἀεὶ
10 ἑνὶ ἐλάττονα· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα οὐκέτι οὐδὲν τίκτουσιν, ἀλλ'
ἄγονοι διατελοῦσιν. Οὐκ ἔχει δ' ἡ λέαινα χαίτην, ἀλλ' ὁ ἄρρην
λέων. Βάλλει δ' ὁ λέων τῶν ὀδόντων τοὺς κυνόδοντας καλουμένους
τέτταρας μόνους, δύο μὲν ἄνωθεν δύο δὲ κάτωθεν·
βάλλει δ' ἑξάμηνος ὢν τὴν ἡλικίαν.
1The lioness brings forth in the spring, generally two cubs at a time, and six at the very most; but sometimes only one. The story about the lioness discharging her womb in the act of parturition is a pure fable, and was merely invented to account for the scarcity of the animal; for the animal is, as 5is well known, a rare animal, and is not found in many countries. In fact, in the whole of Europe it is only found in the strip between the rivers Achelous and Nessus. The cubs of the lioness when newly born are exceedingly small, and can scarcely walk when two months old. The Syrian lion bears cubs five times: five cubs at the first litter, then four, then three, then 10two, and lastly one; after this the lioness ceases to bear for the rest of her days. The lioness has no mane, but this appendage is peculiar to the lion. The lion sheds only the four so-called canines, two in the upper jaw and two in the lower; and it sheds them when it is six months old.
Book 6,Chapter 32 (579b15–29)
15 Ἡ δ' ὕαινα τῷ μὲν χρώματι λυκώδης ἐστί, δασυτέρα
δέ, καὶ λοφιὰν ἔχει δι' ὅλης τῆς ῥάχεως· περὶ δὲ τῶν αἰδοίων
ὃ λέγεται, ὡς ἔχει ἄρρενος καὶ θηλείας, ψεῦδός ἐστιν.
Ἀλλ' ἔχει τὸ μὲν τοῦ ἄρρενος ὅμοιον τῷ τῶν λύκων καὶ τῶν
κυνῶν, τὸ δὲ δοκοῦν θηλείας εἶναι ὑποκάτω μὲν ἔχει τῆς
20 κέρκου, παραπλήσιον δ' ἐστὶ τῷ σχήματι τῷ τοῦ θήλεος, οὐκ
ἔχει μέντοι οὐδένα πόρον· ὑποκάτω δ' αὐτοῦ ἐστιν ὁ τῆς περιττώσεως
πόρος. Ἡ δὲ θήλεια ὕαινα ἔχει μὲν καὶ τὸ ὅμοιον
τῷ τῆς θηλείας λεγομένῳ αἰδοίῳ, ἔχει δ' ὥσπερ ὁ ἄρρην
αὐτὸ ὑποκάτω τῆς κέρκου, πόρον δ' οὐδένα ἔχει· μετὰ δὲ
25 τοῦτο ὁ τῆς περιττώσεώς ἐστι πόρος, ὑποκάτω δὲ τούτου τὸ
ἀληθινὸν αἰδοῖον. Ἔχει δ' ἡ ὕαινα ἡ θήλεια καὶ ὑστέραν, ὥςπερ
καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα τὰ θήλεα, ὅσα ἐστὶ τοιαῦτα. Σπάνιον
δ' ἐστὶ λαβεῖν θήλειαν ὕαιναν· ἐν ἕνδεκα γοῦν κυνηγός τις
μίαν ἔφη λαβεῖν.
The hyena in colour resembles the wolf, but is more shaggy, and is furnished with a 15mane running all along the spine. What is recounted concerning its genital organs, to the effect that every hyena is furnished with the organ both of the male and the female, is untrue. The fact is that the sexual organ of the male hyena resembles the same organ in the wolf and in the dog; the part resembling the female genital organ lies underneath the tail, and does to 20some extent resemble the female organ, but it is unprovided with duct or passage, and the passage for the residuum comes underneath it. The female hyena has the part that resembles the organ of the male, and, as in the case of the male, has it underneath her tail, unprovided with duct or passage; and after it the passage for the residuum, and underneath this the true female 25genital organ. The female hyena has a womb, like all other female animals of the same kind. It is an exceedingly rare circumstance to meet with a female hyena. At least a hunter said that out of eleven hyenas he had caught, only one was a female.
Book 6,Chapter 33 (579b30–580a5)
30 Οἱ δὲ δασύποδες ὀχεύονται μὲν συνιόντες ὄπισθεν,
ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον (ἔστι γὰρ ὀπισθουρητικόν), ὀχεύονται
δὲ καὶ τίκτουσι πᾶσαν ὥραν, καὶ ἐπικυΐσκονται ὅταν κύωσι,
καὶ τίκτουσι κατὰ μῆνα. Τίκτουσι δ' οὐκ ἀθρόα, ἀλλὰ διαλείπουσιν
Hares copulate in a rearward posture, as has been stated, for the animal is opisthuretic. They breed and bear at all seasons, 30superfoetate during pregnancy, and bear young every month. They do not give birth to their young ones all together at one time, but bring them forth at intervals over as many days as the circumstances of each case may require.
580a
1 ἡμέρας ὅσας ἂν τύχωσιν. Ἴσχει δ' ἡ θήλεια
γάλα πρότερον ἢ τεκεῖν, καὶ τεκοῦσα εὐθὺς ὀχεύεται, καὶ
συλλαμβάνει ἔτι θηλαζομένη· τὸ δὲ γάλα παχύτητι ὅμοιόν
ἐστι τῷ ὑείῳ. Τίκτει δὲ τυφλά, ὥσπερ τὰ πολλὰ τῶν
5 πολυσχιδῶν.
1The female is supplied with milk before parturition; and after bearing submits immediately to the male, and is capable of conception while suckling her young. The milk in consistency resembles sow's milk. The young are born blind, as is the case with the greater part Of the fissipeds or 5toed animals.
Book 6,Chapter 34 (580a6–10)
Ἡ δ' ἀλώπηξ ὀχεύει μὲν ἀναβαίνουσα, τίκτει δ' ὥςπερ
ἡ ἄρκτος, καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον ἀδιάρθρωτον. Ὅταν δὲ μέλλῃ τίκτειν,
ἐκτοπίζει οὕτως ὥστε σπάνιον εἶναι τὸ ληφθῆναι κύουσαν.
Ὅταν δ' ἐκτέκῃ, τῇ γλώττῃ λείχουσα ἐκθερμαίνει καὶ
10 συμπέττει. Τίκτει δὲ τέτταρα τὰ πλεῖστα.
The fox mounts the vixen in copulation, and the vixen bears young like the she-bear; in fact, her young ones are even more inarticulately formed. Before parturition she retires to sequestered places, so that it is a great rarity for a vixen to be caught while pregnant. After parturition she warms her young and gets them into shape by licking 10them. She bears four at most at a birth.
Book 6,Chapter 35 (580a11–31)
Λύκος δὲ κύει μὲν καὶ τίκτει καθάπερ κύων τῷ χρόνῳ
καὶ τῷ πλήθει τῶν γινομένων, καὶ τυφλὰ τίκτει ὥςπερ
κύων· ὀχεύει δὲ καὶ ὀχεύεται κατὰ μίαν ὥραν, καὶ
τίκτει ἀρχομένου τοῦ θέρους. Λέγεται δέ τις περὶ τοῦ τόκου λόγος
15 πρὸς μῦθον συνάπτων· φασὶ γὰρ πάντας τοὺς λύκους ἐν
δώδεχ' ἡμέραις τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ τίκτειν. Τούτου δὲ τὴν αἰτίαν ἐν
μύθῳ λέγουσιν, ὅτι ἐν τοσαύταις ἡμέραις τὴν Λητὼ παρεκόμισαν
ἐξ Ὑπερβορέων εἰς Δῆλον, λύκαιναν φαινομένην διὰ
τὸν τῆς Ἥρας φόβον. Εἰ δ' ἐστὶν ὁ χρόνος οὗτος τῆς κυήσεως
20 ἢ μή ἐστιν, οὐδέν πω συνῶπται μέχρι γε τοῦ νῦν, ἀλλ' ἢ ὅτι
λέγεται μόνον. Οὐκ ἀληθὲς δὲ φαίνεται ὂν οὐδὲ τὸ λεγόμενον
ὡς ἅπαξ ἐν τῷ βίῳ τίκτουσιν οἱ λύκοι.
Οἱ δ' αἴλουροι καὶ οἱ ἰχνεύμονες τίκτουσιν ὅσαπερ καὶ
οἱ κύνες, καὶ τρέφονται τοῖς αὐτοῖς· ζῶσι δὲ περὶ ἔτη ἕξ·
25 καὶ ὁ πανθὴρ δὲ τίκτει τυφλὰ ὥσπερ λύκος, τίκτει δὲ τὰ
πλεῖστα τέτταρα. Καὶ οἱ θῶες δ' ὁμοίως κυΐσκονται
τοῖς κυσί, καὶ τίκτουσι τυφλά· τίκτουσι δὲ καὶ δύο καὶ
τρία καὶ τέτταρα τὸν ἀριθμόν. Ἔστι δὲ τὴν ἰδέαν ἐπ' οὐρὰν
μὲν μακρός, τὸ δ' ὕψος βραχύτερος. Ὁμοίως δὲ ταχυτῆτι
30 διαφέρει, καίπερ τῶν σκελῶν ὄντων βραχέων, διὰ τὸ ὑγρὸς
εἶναι, καὶ πηδᾷ πόρρω.
The wolf resembles the dog in regard to the time of conception and parturition, the number of the litter, and the blindness of the newborn young. The sexes couple at one special period, and the female brings forth at the beginning of the summer. There is an account given of the parturition of the she-wolf that borders 15on the fabulous, to the effect that she confines her lying-in to within twelve particular days of the year. And they give the reason for this in the form of a myth, viz. that when they transported Leto in so many days from the land of the Hyperboreans to the island of Delos, she assumed the form of a she-wolf to escape the anger of Here. Whether the account 20be correct or not has not yet been verified; I give it merely as it is currently told. There is no more of truth in the current statement that the she-wolf bears once and only once in her lifetime.
The cat and the ichneumon bear as many young as the dog, and live on the same food; they live about six years. The cubs of the panther are born blind like those of 25the wolf, and the female bears four at the most at one birth. The particulars of conception are the same for the thos, or civet, as for the dog; the cubs of the animal are born blind, and the female bears two, or three, or four at a birth. It is long in the body and low in stature; but not withstanding the shortness of its legs it is exceptionally fleet of 30foot, owing to the suppleness of its frame and its capacity for leaping.
The cat and the ichneumon bear as many young as the dog, and live on the same food; they live about six years. The cubs of the panther are born blind like those of 25the wolf, and the female bears four at the most at one birth. The particulars of conception are the same for the thos, or civet, as for the dog; the cubs of the animal are born blind, and the female bears two, or three, or four at a birth. It is long in the body and low in stature; but not withstanding the shortness of its legs it is exceptionally fleet of 30foot, owing to the suppleness of its frame and its capacity for leaping.
Book 6,Chapter 36 (580b1–9)
580b
1 Εἰσὶ δ' ἐν Συρίᾳ οἱ καλούμενοι ἡμίονοι, ἕτερον
γένος τῶν ἐκ συνδυασμοῦ γινομένων ἵππου καὶ ὄνου, ὅμοιοι δὲ
τὴν ὄψιν, ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ ἄγριοι ὄνοι πρὸς τοὺς ἡμέρους, ἀπό τινος
ὁμοιότητος λεχθέντες. Εἰσὶ δ' ὥσπερ οἱ ὄνοι οἱ ἄγριοι καὶ αἱ
5 ἡμίονοι, τὴν ταχυτῆτα διαφέροντες. Αὗται αἱ ἡμίονοι γεννῶσιν
ἐξ ἀλλήλων. Σημεῖον δέ· ἦλθον γάρ τινες εἰς Φρυγίαν
ἐπὶ Φαρνάκου τοῦ Φαρναβάζου πατρός, καὶ διαμένουσιν
ἔτι. Εἰσὶ δὲ νῦν μὲν τρεῖς, τὸ παλαιὸν δ' ἐννέα ἦσαν, ὡς
φασίν.
1There is found in Syria a so-called mule. It is not the same as the cross between the horse and ass, but resembles it just as a wild ass resembles the domesticated congener, and derives its name from the resemblance. Like the wild ass, this wild mule is remarkable for its speed. The animals of this species 5interbreed with one another; and a proof of this statement may be gathered from the fact that a certain number of them were brought into Phrygia in the time of Pharnaces, the father of Pharnabazus, and the animal is there still. The number originally introduced was nine, and there are three there at the present day.
Book 6,Chapter 37 (580b10–581a5)
10 Ἡ δὲ τῶν μυῶν γένεσις θαυμασιωτάτη παρὰ τἆλλα
ζῷά ἐστι τῷ πλήθει καὶ τῷ τάχει. Ἤδη γάρ ποτε ἐναποληφθείσης
τῆς θηλείας κυούσης ἐν ἀγγείῳ κέγχρου, μετ' ὀλίγον
ἀνοιχθέντος τοῦ ἀγγείου ἐφάνησαν ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι μύες
τὸν ἀριθμόν. Ἀπορεῖται δὲ καὶ ἡ τῶν ἐπιπολαζόντων γένεσις
15 μυῶν ἐν ταῖς χώραις καὶ ἡ φθορά· πολλαχοῦ γὰρ εἴωθε
γίνεσθαι πλῆθος ἀμύθητον τῶν ἀρουραίων, ὥστ' ὀλίγον λείπεσθαι
τοῦ σίτου παντός. Γίνεται δ' οὕτω ταχεῖα ἡ φορά, ὥστ'
ἔνιοι τῶν μὴ μεγάλας γεωργίας ἐργαζομένων, τῇ προτεραίᾳ
ἰδόντες ὅτι θερίζειν ὥρα, τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ ἕωθεν ἄγοντες τοὺς
20 θεριστὰς καταβεβρωμένα ἅπαντα καταλαμβάνουσιν. Ὁ δ'
ἀφανισμὸς οὐ κατὰ λόγον ἀποβαίνει· ἐν ὀλίγαις γὰρ ἡμέραις
ἀφανεῖς πάμπαν γίνονται· καίτοι ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν
χρόνοις οὐ κρατοῦσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἀποθυμιῶντες καὶ ἀνορύττοντες,
ἔτι δὲ θηρεύοντες καὶ τὰς ὗς ἐμβάλλοντες· αὗται
25 γὰρ ἀνορύττουσι τὰς μυωπίας. Θηρεύουσι δὲ καὶ αἱ ἀλώπεκες
αὐτούς, καὶ αἱ γαλαῖ αἱ ἄγριαι μάλιστα ἀναιροῦσιν, ὅταν
ἐπιγένωνται· ἀλλ' οὐ κρατοῦσι τῆς πολυγονίας καὶ τῆς ταχυγονίας,
οὐδ' ἄλλ' οὐδὲν πλὴν οἱ ὄμβροι, ὅταν ἐπιγένωνται·
τότε δ' ἀφανίζονται ταχέως. Τῆς δὲ Περσικῆς ἔν τινι τόπῳ
30 ἀνασχιζομένης τῆς θηλείας τῶν ἐμβρύων τὰ θήλεα κύοντα
φαίνεται. Φασὶ δέ τινες καὶ ἰσχυρίζονται ὅτι ἂν ἅλα λείχωσιν,
The phenomena of generation in regard to the mouse are the most astonishing 10both for the number of the young and for the rapidity of recurrence in the births. On one occasion a she-mouse in a state of pregnancy was shut up by accident in a jar containing millet-seed, and after a little while the lid of the jar was removed and upwards of one hundred and twenty mice were found inside it.
The rate of propagation of field mice in country places, and the destruction that 15they cause, are beyond all telling. In many places their number is so incalculable that but very little of the corn-crop is left to the farmer; and so rapid is their mode of proceeding that sometimes a small farmer will one day observe that it is time for reaping, and on the following morning, when he takes his reapers afield, he finds his entire crop devoured. Their disappearance is 20unaccountable: in a few days not a mouse will there be to be seen. And yet in the time before these few days men fail to keep down their numbers by fumigating and unearthing them, or by regularly hunting them and turning in swine upon them; for pigs, by the way, turn up the mouse-holes by rooting with their snouts. Foxes also hunt them, and the wild ferrets in particular destroy them, but 25they make no way against the prolific qualities of the animal and the rapidity of its breeding. When they are super-abundant, nothing succeeds in thinning them down except the rain; but after heavy rains they disappear rapidly.
In a certain district of Persia when a female mouse is dissected the female embryos appear to be pregnant. Some people assert, and positively assert, that a female 30mouse by licking salt can become pregnant without the intervention of the male.
The rate of propagation of field mice in country places, and the destruction that 15they cause, are beyond all telling. In many places their number is so incalculable that but very little of the corn-crop is left to the farmer; and so rapid is their mode of proceeding that sometimes a small farmer will one day observe that it is time for reaping, and on the following morning, when he takes his reapers afield, he finds his entire crop devoured. Their disappearance is 20unaccountable: in a few days not a mouse will there be to be seen. And yet in the time before these few days men fail to keep down their numbers by fumigating and unearthing them, or by regularly hunting them and turning in swine upon them; for pigs, by the way, turn up the mouse-holes by rooting with their snouts. Foxes also hunt them, and the wild ferrets in particular destroy them, but 25they make no way against the prolific qualities of the animal and the rapidity of its breeding. When they are super-abundant, nothing succeeds in thinning them down except the rain; but after heavy rains they disappear rapidly.
In a certain district of Persia when a female mouse is dissected the female embryos appear to be pregnant. Some people assert, and positively assert, that a female 30mouse by licking salt can become pregnant without the intervention of the male.
581a
1 ἄνευ ὀχείας γίνεσθαι ἐγκύους. Οἱ δ' ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ
μύες σκληρὰν ἔχουσι τὴν τρίχα ὥσπερ οἱ χερσαῖοι ἐχῖνοι.
Εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ ἕτεροι οἳ βαδίζουσιν ἐπὶ τοῖς δυσὶ ποσίν· τὰ γὰρ
πρόσθια μικρὰ ἔχουσι, τὰ δ' ὀπίσθια μεγάλα· γίνονται δὲ
5 πλήθει πολλοί. Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλα γένη μυῶν πολλά.
1Mice in Egypt are covered with bristles like the hedgehog. There is also a different breed of mice that walk on their two hind-legs; their front legs are small and their hind-legs long; the breed is exceedingly numerous. There are many other breeds of mice than are here referred to.
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