Susemihl (Teubner, 1887) · Forster (1920)
Forster (1920)
Book II, Chapter 1 (1345b7–1346a31)
1345b
Τὸν οἰκονομεῖν μέλλοντά τι κατὰ τρόπον τῶν τε
τόπων, περὶ οὓς ἂν πραγματεύηται, μὴ ἀπείρως ἔχειν, καὶ τῇ
φύσει εὐφυῆ εἶναι καὶ τῇ προαιρέσει φιλόπονόν τε καὶ
10 δίκαιον· ὅ τι γὰρ ἂν ἀπῇ τούτων τῶν μερῶν, πολλὰ διαμαρτήσεται
περὶ τὴν πραγματείαν ἣν μεταχειρίζεται. Οἰκονομίαι
δέ εἰσι τέτταρες, ὡς ἐν τύπῳ διελέσθαι (τὰς γὰρ
ἄλλας εἰς τοῦτο ἐμπιπτούσας εὑρήσομεν)· βασιλική, σατραπική,
πολιτική, ἰδιωτική. Τούτων δὲ μεγίστη μὲν καὶ ἁπλουςτάτη
15 ἡ βασιλική, <...>, ποικιλωτάτη δὲ καὶ ῥᾴστη ἡ πολιτική,
ἐλαχίστη δὲ καὶ ποικιλωτάτη ἡ ἰδιωτική. Ἐπικοινωνεῖν
μὲν τὰ πολλὰ ἀλλήλαις ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστιν· ὅσα δὲ μάλιςτα
δι' αὐτῶν ἑκάστῃ συμβαίνει, ταῦτα ἐπισκεπτέον ἡμῖν ἐστιν.
Πρῶτον μὲν τοίνυν τὴν βασιλικὴν ἴδωμεν. Ἔστι δὲ αὕτη
20 δυναμένη μὲν τὸ καθόλου, εἴδη δὲ ἔχουσα τέτταρα· περὶ
<τὸ> νόμισμα, περὶ τὰ ἐξαγώγιμα, περὶ τὰ εἰσαγώγιμα, περὶ
τὰ ἀναλώματα. Τούτων δὲ ἕκαστον. Περὶ μὲν τὸ νόμισμα
λέγω ποῖον καὶ πότε [τίμιον ἢ εὔωνον] ποιητέον· περὶ δὲ
τὰ ἐξαγώγιμα καὶ εἰσαγώγιμα πότε καὶ τίνα παρὰ τῶν
25 σατραπῶν ἐν τῇ ταγῇ ἐκλαβόντι αὐτῷ λυσιτελήσει διατίθεσθαι·
περὶ δὲ τὰ ἀναλώματα τίνα περιαιρετέον καὶ
πότε, καὶ πότερον δοτέον νόμισμα εἰς τὰς δαπάνας ἢ ἀντὶ
νομίσματος ὤνια. Δεύτερον δὲ τὴν σατραπικήν. Ἔστι δὲ
ταύτης εἴδη ἓξ τῶν προσόδων [ἀπὸ γῆς, ἀπὸ τῶν ἐν τῇ
30 χώρᾳ ἰδίων γινομένων, ἀπὸ ἐμπόρων, ἀπὸ τελῶν, ἀπὸ
βοσκημάτων, ἀπὸ τῶν ἄλλων]. Αὐτῶν δὲ τούτων πρώτη
μὲν καὶ κρατίστη ἡ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς· αὕτη δέ ἐστιν ἣν οἱ μὲν ἐκφόριον,
οἱ δὲ δεκάτην προσαγορεύουσιν. Δευτέρα δὲ ἡ ἀπὸ
τῶν ἰδίων γινομένη, οὗ μὲν χρυσίον, οὗ δὲ ἀργύριον, οὗ δὲ
35 χαλκός, οὗ δὲ ὁπόσα δύναται γίνεσθαι. Τρίτη δὲ καὶ ἡ ἀπὸ
HE who intends to practise economy aright ought to be fully acquainted with the places in which his labour lies and to be naturally endowed with good parts and deliberately industrious and 10upright; for if he is lacking in any of these respects, he will make many mistakes in the business which he takes in hand.
Now there are four kinds of economy, that of the king (Royal Economy), that of the provincial governor (Satrapic Economy), that of the city (Political Economy), and that of the individual (Personal 15Economy). This is a broad method of division; and we shall find that the other forms of economy fall within it.
Of these the Royal is the most important and the simplest, the Political is the most varied and the easiest, the Personal the least important and the most varied. They must necessarily have most of their 20characteristics in common; but it is the points which are peculiar to each kind that we must consider. Let us therefore examine Royal Economy first. It is universal in its scope, but has four special departments — the coinage, exports, imports, and expenditure. To take each of these separately: in regard to the 25coinage, I mean the question as to what coin should be struck and when it should be of a high and when of a low value; in the matter of exports and imports, what commodities it will be advantageous to receive from the satraps under the Royal rule and dispose of and when; regard to expenditure, what expenses ought to be 30curtailed and when, and whether one should pay what is expended in coin or in commodities which have an equivalent value.
Let us next take Satrapic Economy. Here we find six kinds of revenue: from land, from the peculiar products of the district, from merchandise, from taxes, from cattle, and from all other sources.
Now there are four kinds of economy, that of the king (Royal Economy), that of the provincial governor (Satrapic Economy), that of the city (Political Economy), and that of the individual (Personal 15Economy). This is a broad method of division; and we shall find that the other forms of economy fall within it.
Of these the Royal is the most important and the simplest, the Political is the most varied and the easiest, the Personal the least important and the most varied. They must necessarily have most of their 20characteristics in common; but it is the points which are peculiar to each kind that we must consider. Let us therefore examine Royal Economy first. It is universal in its scope, but has four special departments — the coinage, exports, imports, and expenditure. To take each of these separately: in regard to the 25coinage, I mean the question as to what coin should be struck and when it should be of a high and when of a low value; in the matter of exports and imports, what commodities it will be advantageous to receive from the satraps under the Royal rule and dispose of and when; regard to expenditure, what expenses ought to be 30curtailed and when, and whether one should pay what is expended in coin or in commodities which have an equivalent value.
Let us next take Satrapic Economy. Here we find six kinds of revenue: from land, from the peculiar products of the district, from merchandise, from taxes, from cattle, and from all other sources.
1346a
1 τῶν ἐμπορίων. Τετάρτη δὲ καὶ ἡ ἀπὸ τῶν κατὰ γῆν
τε καὶ ἀγοραίων τελῶν γινομένη. Πέμπτη δὲ ἡ ἀπὸ τῶν βοςκημάτων,
ἐπικαρπία τε καὶ δεκάτη καλουμένη. Ἕκτη δὲ ἡ
ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἐπικεφάλαιόν τε καὶ χειρωνάξιον προςαγορευομένη.
5 Τρίτον δὲ τὴν πολιτικήν. Ταύτης δὲ κρατίστη
μὲν πρόσοδος ἡ ἀπὸ τῶν ἰδίων ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ γινομένη.
Εἶτα ἡ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐμπορίων καὶ διαγωγῶν. Εἶτα ἡ ἀπὸ τῶν
ἐγκυκλίων. Τέταρτον δὲ καὶ τελευταῖον τὴν ἰδιωτικήν.
Αὕτη δέ ἐστιν ἀνώμαλος μὲν διὰ τὸ δεῖν μὴ πρὸς ἕνα σκοπὸν
10 οἰκονομεῖν, ἐλαχίστη δὲ διὰ τὸ καὶ τὰς προσόδους καὶ
τὰ ἀναλώματα βραχέα γίνεσθαι. Αὐτῆς δὲ ταύτης κρατίστη
μὲν πρόσοδος ἡ ἀπὸ γῆς γινομένη. Δευτέρα δὲ ἡ ἀπὸ
τῶν ἄλλων ἐγκυκλημάτων. Τρίτη δὲ ἡ ἀπὸ ἀργυρίου. Χωρὶς
δὲ τούτων ὃ πάσαις μὲν ἐπικοινωνεῖται ταῖς οἰκονομίαις
15 (καὶ προσήκει σκοπεῖν αὐτὸ μὴ παρέργως), μάλιστα δὲ
ταύτῃ, τὸ τἀναλώματα μὴ μείζω τῶν προσόδων γίνεσθαι.
Ἐπεὶ τοίνυν τὰς διαιρέσεις εἰρήκαμεν, μετὰ τοῦτο πάλιν
νοητέον ἡμῖν ἡ σατραπεία, περὶ ἣν ἂν πραγματευώμεθα,
ἢ πόλις, πότερον ἃ πάντα ἄρτι διειλόμεθα ἢ τὰ
20 μέγιστα τούτων δυνατὴ φέρειν ἐστί· <εἰ δ' ἐστί,> τούτοις χρηστέον.
Μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο ποῖαι τῶν προσόδων ἢ τὸ παράπαν οὐκ
εἰσί, δυναταὶ δ' εἰσὶ γενέσθαι, ἢ μικραὶ νῦν οὖσαι μείζους οἷαί
[τινες] <τε> κατασκευασθῆναι, ἢ τῶν ἀναλωμάτων τῶν νῦν
ἀναλουμένων τίνα τε καὶ πόσα περιαιρεθέντα <τὰ> ὅλα μηθὲν βλάψει.
25 Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τὰς οἰκονομίας τε καὶ τὰ μέρη τὰ
τούτων εἰρήκαμεν· ὅσα δέ τινες τῶν πρότερον πεπράγασιν
εἰς πόρον χρημάτων, εἴ <τε> τεχνικῶς τι διῴκησαν, ἃ ὑπελαμβάνομεν
ἀξιόλογα αὐτῶν εἶναι, συναγηόχαμεν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ
ταύτην τὴν ἱστορίαν ἀχρεῖον ὑπολαμβάνομεν εἶναι. Ἔστι
30 γὰρ ὅτε τούτων ἐφαρμόσει τι οἷς ἂν αὐτὸς πραγματεύῃ.
1Of these the first and most important is that which comes from land (which some call tax on land-produce, others tithe); next in importance is the revenue from peculiar products, from gold, or silver, or copper, or anything else which is found in a 5particular locality; thirdly comes that derived from merchandise; fourthly, the revenue from the cultivation of the soil and from market-dues; fifthly, that which comes from cattle, which is called tax on animal produce or tithe; and sixthly, that which is derived from other sources, which is called the poll-tax 10or tax on handicraft.
Thirdly, let us examine the economy of the city. Here the most important source of revenue is from the peculiar products of the country, next comes that derived from merchandise and customs, and lastly that which comes from the ordinary taxes.
Fourthly and lastly, let us take Personal 15Economy. Here we find wide divergences, because economy is not necessarily always practised with one aim in view. It is the least important kind of economy, because the incomings and expenses are small. Here the main source of revenue is the land, next other kinds of property,- and thirdly investments of money.
Further, 20there is a consideration which is common to all branches of economy and which calls for the most careful attention, especially in personal economy, namely, that the expenditure must not exceed the income.
Now that we have mentioned the divisions of the subject, we must next consider whether, if the satrapy 25or city with which we are dealing can produce all, or the most important revenues which we have just distinguished, some rather than others ought to be employed. Next we must consider which sources of revenue do not exist at all but can be introduced, or are at present small but can be augmented; and which of 30the expenses at present incurred, and to what amount, can be entirely dispensed with without doing any harm.
Thirdly, let us examine the economy of the city. Here the most important source of revenue is from the peculiar products of the country, next comes that derived from merchandise and customs, and lastly that which comes from the ordinary taxes.
Fourthly and lastly, let us take Personal 15Economy. Here we find wide divergences, because economy is not necessarily always practised with one aim in view. It is the least important kind of economy, because the incomings and expenses are small. Here the main source of revenue is the land, next other kinds of property,- and thirdly investments of money.
Further, 20there is a consideration which is common to all branches of economy and which calls for the most careful attention, especially in personal economy, namely, that the expenditure must not exceed the income.
Now that we have mentioned the divisions of the subject, we must next consider whether, if the satrapy 25or city with which we are dealing can produce all, or the most important revenues which we have just distinguished, some rather than others ought to be employed. Next we must consider which sources of revenue do not exist at all but can be introduced, or are at present small but can be augmented; and which of 30the expenses at present incurred, and to what amount, can be entirely dispensed with without doing any harm.
Book II, Chapter 2 (1346a32–1353b27)
Κύψελος [ὁ] Κορίνθιος εὐξάμενος τῷ Διί, ἐὰν κύριος
γένηται τῆς πόλεως, τὰ ὄντα Κορινθίοις πάντα ἀναθήσειν,
We have now mentioned the various kinds of economy and their constituent parts.
1346b
1 ἐκέλευσεν αὐτοὺς ἀπογράψασθαι. Ἀπογραψαμένων
δὲ τούτων τὸ δέκατον μέρος παρὰ ἑκάστου ἔλαβε, τοῖς δὲ λοιποῖς
ἐκέλευσεν ἐργάζεσθαι. Περιελθόντος δὲ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ τὸ
αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἐποίησεν, ὥστε συνέβαινεν ἐν δέκα ἔτεσι κεῖνόν τε
5 ἅπαντα ἔχειν ἅπερ ἀνιέρωσε, τούς τε Κορινθίους ἕτερα
κεκτῆσθαι.
Λύγδαμις Νάξιος ἐκβαλὼν φυγάδας, ἐπειδὴ τὰ κτήματα
αὐτῶν οὐθεὶς ἠθέλησεν ἀλλ' ἢ βραχέος ἀγοράζειν,
αὐτοῖς τοῖς φυγάσιν ἀπέδοτο· τά τε ἀναθήματα, ὅσα ἦν
10 αὐτῶν ἔν τισιν ἐργαστηρίοις ἡμίεργα ἀνακείμενα, ἐπώλει
τοῖς τε φυγάσι καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῷ βουλομένῳ ὥστ' ἐπιγραφῆναι
τὸ τοῦ πριαμένου ὄνομα.
Βυζάντιοι δὲ δεηθέντες χρημάτων τὰ τεμένη τὰ δημόσια
ἀπέδοντο, τὰ μὲν κάρπιμα χρόνον τινά, τὰ δὲ
15 ἄκαρπα ἀεννάως· τά τε θιασωτικὰ καὶ τὰ πατριωτικὰ
ὡσαύτως· καὶ ὅσα ἐν χωρίοις ἰδιωτικοῖς ἦν· ὠνοῦντο γὰρ
πολλοῦ ὧν ἦν καὶ τὸ ἄλλο κτῆμα· τοῖς δὲ θιασώταις
ἕτερα χωρία, τὰ δημόσια ὅσα ἦν περὶ τὸ γυμνάσιον ἢ
τὴν ἀγορὰν ἢ τὸν λιμένα· τούς τε τόπους τοὺς ἀγοραίους ἐν
20 οἷς ἐπώλει τίς τι· καὶ τῆς θαλάττης τὴν ἁλιείαν· καὶ τὴν
τῶν ἁλῶν ἁλατοπωλίαν· τῶν τ' ἐργαζομένων θαυματοποιῶν
καὶ μάντεων καὶ φαρμακοπωλῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τοιουτοτρόπων
<...>, τὸ τρίτον δὲ μέρος τοῦ ἐργαζομένου ἀποτελεῖν
ἔταξαν· τῶν τε νομισμάτων τὴν καταλλαγὴν ἀπέδοντο μιᾷ
25 τραπέζῃ, ἑτέρῳ δὲ οὐκ ἦν οὐθενὶ οὔτε ἀποδόσθαι ἑτέρῳ οὔτε
πρίασθαι παρ' ἑτέρου· εἰ δὲ μή, στέρησις ἦν. Ὄντος δὲ νόμου
αὐτοῖς μὴ εἶναι πολίτην ὃς ἂν μὴ ἐξ ἀστῶν ἀμφοτέρων
ᾖ, χρημάτων δεηθέντες ἐψηφίσαντο τὸν ἐξ ἑνὸς ὄντα ἀστοῦ
καταβαλόντα μνᾶς τριάκοντα εἶναι πολίτην. Ἐν σιτοδείᾳ
30 δὲ γενόμενοι καὶ ἀποροῦντες χρημάτων κατήγαγον τὰ πλοῖα
τὰ ἐκ τοῦ Πόντου. Χρόνου δὲ γενομένου τῶν ἐμπόρων ἀγανακτούντων,
ἐτέλουν αὐτοῖς τόκους ἐπιδεκάτους, τοῖς δ' ὠνουμένοις
τι ἔταξαν χωρὶς τῆς τιμῆς διδόναι τὸ ἐπιδέκατον.
1We have further made a collection of all the methods that we conceived to be worth mentioning, which men of former days have employed or cunningly devised in order to provide themselves with money. For we conceived that this information also might be useful; for a man will be able 5to apply some of these instances to such business as he himself takes in hand.
Cypselus, the Corinthian, having vowed to Zeus that, if he made himself master of the city, he would dedicate to him all the property of the Corinthians, ordered them to draw up a list of their possessions. When they had done so, he took a tenth part from each citizen and told 10them to trade with the remainder. As each year came round, he did the same thing again, with the result that in ten years he had all that he had consecrated to the god, while the Corinthians had acquired other property.
Lygdamis, the Naxian, having driven certain men into exile, when no one was willing to buy their possessions except at a low price, 15sold them to the exiles themselves. And offerings belonging to them which were lying half finished in certain workshops he sold to the exiles and any one else who wished to buy them, allowing the name of the purchaser to be inscribed upon them.
The Byzantines being in need of money sold the sacred enclosures belonging to the state. Those which were 20fertile they sold on lease, and those which were un productive in perpetuity. They treated in the same way the enclosures which belonged to associations and clans and all which were situated on private estates; for the owners of the rest of the property bought them at a high price. To the associations they sold other lands, viz. the public lands round the 25gymnasium, or the market-place, or the harbour, and the places where markets were held at which various commodities were sold, and they gave the rights over the sea-fisheries and the sale of salt, and the stands where jugglers, and soothsayers, and druggists, and other such persons plied their trades; but they ordered them to pay over a third of their 30profits. And they sold the right of 'changing money to a single bank, and no one else might cither give money in exchange to any one, or receive it in exchange from any one, under penalty of forfeiting the money.
Cypselus, the Corinthian, having vowed to Zeus that, if he made himself master of the city, he would dedicate to him all the property of the Corinthians, ordered them to draw up a list of their possessions. When they had done so, he took a tenth part from each citizen and told 10them to trade with the remainder. As each year came round, he did the same thing again, with the result that in ten years he had all that he had consecrated to the god, while the Corinthians had acquired other property.
Lygdamis, the Naxian, having driven certain men into exile, when no one was willing to buy their possessions except at a low price, 15sold them to the exiles themselves. And offerings belonging to them which were lying half finished in certain workshops he sold to the exiles and any one else who wished to buy them, allowing the name of the purchaser to be inscribed upon them.
The Byzantines being in need of money sold the sacred enclosures belonging to the state. Those which were 20fertile they sold on lease, and those which were un productive in perpetuity. They treated in the same way the enclosures which belonged to associations and clans and all which were situated on private estates; for the owners of the rest of the property bought them at a high price. To the associations they sold other lands, viz. the public lands round the 25gymnasium, or the market-place, or the harbour, and the places where markets were held at which various commodities were sold, and they gave the rights over the sea-fisheries and the sale of salt, and the stands where jugglers, and soothsayers, and druggists, and other such persons plied their trades; but they ordered them to pay over a third of their 30profits. And they sold the right of 'changing money to a single bank, and no one else might cither give money in exchange to any one, or receive it in exchange from any one, under penalty of forfeiting the money.
1347a
1 Μετοίκων δέ τινων ἐπιδεδανεικότων ἐπὶ κτήμασιν,
οὐκ οὔσης αὐτοῖς ἐγκτήσεως, ἐψηφίσαντο τὸ τρίτον μέρος
εἰσφέροντα τοῦ δανείου τὸν βουλόμενον κυρίως ἔχειν τὸ κτῆμα.
Ἱππίας Ἀθηναῖος τὰ ὑπερέχοντα τῶν ὑπερῴων εἰς
5 τὰς δημοσίας ὁδοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἀναβαθμοὺς καὶ τὰ προφράγματα
καὶ τὰς θύρας τὰς ἀνοιγομένας ἔξω ἐπώλησεν·
ὠνοῦντο οὖν ὧν ἦν τὰ κτήματα καὶ συνελέγη χρήματα οὕτω
συχνά. Τό τε νόμισμα τὸ ὂν Ἀθηναίοις ἀδόκιμον ἐποίησε,
τάξας δὲ τιμὴν ἐκέλευσε πρὸς αὑτὸν ἀνακομίζειν. Συνελθόντων
10 δὲ ἐπὶ τῷ κόψαι ἕτερον χαρακτῆρα, ἐξέδωκε τὸ
αὐτὸ ἀργύριον. Ὅσοι τε τριηραρχεῖν ἢ φυλαρχεῖν ἢ χορηγεῖν
ἤ τινα εἰς ἑτέραν λειτουργίαν τοιαύτην ἤμελλον δαπανᾶν,
τίμημα τάξας μέτριον ἐκέλευσε τὸν βουλόμενον ἀποτείσαντα
τοῦτο ἐγγράφεσθαι εἰς τοὺς λελειτουργηκότας. Τῇ τε
15 ἱερείᾳ τῇ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς ἐν ἀκροπόλει ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἀποθανόντος
φέρειν χοίνικα κριθῶν καὶ πυρῶν ἑτέραν καὶ ὀβολόν, καὶ
ὅτῳ ἂν παιδάριον γένηται, τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο.
Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ οἱ ἐν Ποτιδαίᾳ οἰκοῦντες δεόμενοι χρημάτων
εἰς τὸν πόλεμον ἀπογράψασθαι ἅπασι συνέταξαν
20 τὰς οὐσίας, μὴ ἁθρόας εἰς τὸν αὑτοῦ δῆμον ἕκαστον, ἀλλὰ
κατὰ κτῆμα ἐν ᾧ τόπῳ ἕκαστον εἴη, ἵνα οἱ πένητες δύνωνται
ὑποτιμᾶσθαι· ὅτῳ δὲ μὴ ἦν κτῆμα μηθέν, τὸ σῶμα
διμναῖον τιμήσασθαι. Ἀπὸ τούτων οὖν εἰσέφερον τὸ ἐπιγραφὲν
ἕκαστος.
25 Σωσίπολις Ἀντισσαῖος, δεηθείσης τῆς πόλεως χρημάτων,
εἰθισμένων δὲ αὐτῶν λαμπρῶς ἄγειν Διονύσια, ἐν οἷς ἄλλα
τε πολλὰ ἀνήλισκον ἐξ ἐνιαυτοῦ παρασκευάζοντες καὶ ἱερεῖα
πολυτελῆ, ὑπογύου δὲ οὔσης ταύτης τῆς ἑορτῆς, ἔπεισεν
αὐτοὺς τῷ μὲν Διονύσῳ εὔξασθαι ἐς νέωτα ἀποδώσειν διπλάσια,
30 ταῦτα δὲ συναγαγόντας ἀποδόσθαι. Συνελέγη οὖν
αὐτοῖς χρήματα οὐκ ὀλίγα πρὸς τὴν χρείαν.
Λαμψακηνοὶ δὲ προσδοκίμων οὐσῶν τριηρῶν πολλῶν
πρὸς αὐτούς, ὄντος <τοῦ> μεδίμνου τῶν ἀλφίτων τετραδράχμου,
προσέταξαν τοῖς ἀγοραίοις πωλεῖν ἑξάδραχμον, καὶ
35 τοῦ ἐλαίου τὸν χοᾶ ὄντα δραχμῶν <τριῶν> τεττάρων καὶ
τριωβόλου, τοῦ τε οἴνου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὡσαύτως. Τὴν μὲν οὖν
1And whereas there was a law amongst them that no one should have political rights who was not born of parents who were both citizens, being in want of money they passed a decree that a man who was sprung from a citizen on one side only should become a citizen if he paid down thirty minae. And as they were suffering from 5want of food and lack of money, they made the ships from the Black Sea put in; but, as time went on, the merchants protested and so they paid them interest at ten per cent, and ordered those who purchased anything to pay the ten per cent, in addition to the price. And whereas certain resident aliens had lent money on mortgaged property, because these had not the right to hold property, they passed 10a decree that any one who wished could obtain a title to the property by paying a third of the loan to the state.
Hippias, the Athenian, put up for sale the parts of the upper rooms which projected into the public streets, and the steps and fences in front of the houses, and the doors which opened outwards. The owners of the property therefore bought them, and a large sum was thus collected. He 15also declared the coinage then current in Athens to be base, and fixing a price for it ordered it to be brought to him; but when they met to consider the striking of a new type of coin, he gave them back the same money again. And if any one was about to equip a trireme or a division of cavalry or to provide a tragic chorus or incur expense on any other such state-service, he fixed a moderate fine 20and allowed him, if he liked, to pay this and be enrolled amongst those who had performed state services. He also ordered that a measure of barley, and another of wheat, and an obol should be brought to the priestess of Athena-on-the- Acropolis on behalf of any one who died, and that the same offering should be made by any one to whom a child was born.
The Athenians who dwell in Potidaea, being in 25need of money to carry on war, ordered all the citizens to draw up a list of their property, each man enrolling not his whole property collectively in his own deme, but each piece of property separately in the place where it was situated, in order that the poor might give in an assessment; any one who possessed no property was to assess his own person at two minae. On the basis of this assessment 30they contributed each in full to the state the amount enjoined.
Sosipolis of Antissa, when the city was in want of money, since the citizens were wont to celebrate the feast of Dionysus with great splendour and every year went to great expense in providing, amongst other things, very costly victims, persuaded them, when the festival was near at hand, to vow to Dionysus that they would give double 35offerings the next year and collect and sell the dedications for the current year.
Hippias, the Athenian, put up for sale the parts of the upper rooms which projected into the public streets, and the steps and fences in front of the houses, and the doors which opened outwards. The owners of the property therefore bought them, and a large sum was thus collected. He 15also declared the coinage then current in Athens to be base, and fixing a price for it ordered it to be brought to him; but when they met to consider the striking of a new type of coin, he gave them back the same money again. And if any one was about to equip a trireme or a division of cavalry or to provide a tragic chorus or incur expense on any other such state-service, he fixed a moderate fine 20and allowed him, if he liked, to pay this and be enrolled amongst those who had performed state services. He also ordered that a measure of barley, and another of wheat, and an obol should be brought to the priestess of Athena-on-the- Acropolis on behalf of any one who died, and that the same offering should be made by any one to whom a child was born.
The Athenians who dwell in Potidaea, being in 25need of money to carry on war, ordered all the citizens to draw up a list of their property, each man enrolling not his whole property collectively in his own deme, but each piece of property separately in the place where it was situated, in order that the poor might give in an assessment; any one who possessed no property was to assess his own person at two minae. On the basis of this assessment 30they contributed each in full to the state the amount enjoined.
Sosipolis of Antissa, when the city was in want of money, since the citizens were wont to celebrate the feast of Dionysus with great splendour and every year went to great expense in providing, amongst other things, very costly victims, persuaded them, when the festival was near at hand, to vow to Dionysus that they would give double 35offerings the next year and collect and sell the dedications for the current year.
1347b
1 ἀρχαίαν τιμὴν ἐλάμβανεν ὁ ἰδιώτης, τὸ δὲ πλέον ἡ
πόλις, καὶ εὐπόρησε χρημάτων.
Ἡρακλεῶται πέμποντες ναῦς τετταράκοντα ἐπὶ τοὺς
ἐν Βοσπόρῳ τυράννους, οὐκ εὐπορούμενοι χρημάτων, παρὰ
5 τῶν ἐμπόρων συνηγόρασαν τόν τε σῖτον πάντα καὶ τὸ
ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ἀγοράν, χρόνου διισταμένου
ἐν ᾧ ἔμελλον ἀποδώσειν τὴν τιμήν. Τοῖς δὲ δὴ
ἐμπόροις καλῶς εἶχε μὴ κοτυλίζειν, ἀλλ' ἁθρόα τὰ φορτία
πεπρᾶσθαι. Ἐκεῖνοί τε διαδόντες διμήνου μισθὸν παρῆγον
10 [ἀλλὰ] τὴν ἀγορὰν ἐν ὁλκάσιν, ἄνδρα <τε> ταμίαν ἐπέστησαν
ἐφ' ἑκάστῃ τῶν νεῶν. Ἀφικομένων δ' εἰς τὴν πολεμίαν
αὐτῶν ἠγόραζον οἱ στρατιῶται παρὰ τούτων ἅπαντα.
Πρότερον <οὖν> συλλεγέντι ἀργυρίῳ ἐδίδοσαν οἱ στρατηγοὶ
πάλιν τὸν μισθόν, ὥστε συνέβαινε ταὐτὸ [τὸ] ἀργύριον δίδοςθαι
15 ἕως εἰς οἶκον ἀπῆλθον.
Λακεδαιμόνιοι Σαμίων δεηθέντων χρήματα αὐτοῖς εἰς
τὴν κάθοδον δοῦναι, ἐψηφίσαντο μίαν ἡμέραν καὶ αὐτοὺς
καὶ τοὺς οἰκέτας καὶ τὰ ὑποζύγια νηστεῦσαι, ὅσον δὲ ἐδαπάνα
ἕκαστος, τοσοῦτον δοῦναι τοῖς Σαμίοις.
20 Χαλκηδόνιοι δέ, ξένων ἐν τῇ πόλει συχνῶν παρ'
αὐτοῖς γινομένων, ὀφείλοντες αὐτοῖς μισθὸν οὐκ ἠδύναντο
διαλῦσαι. Ἀνήγγειλαν οὖν, εἴ τις τῶν πολιτῶν ἢ μετοίκων
σῦλον ἔχει κατὰ πόλεως ἢ ἰδιώτου καὶ βούλεται λαβεῖν,
ἀπογράψασθαι. Ἀπογραψαμένων δὲ συχνῶν, τὰ πλοῖα τὰ
25 πλέοντα εἰς τὸν Πόντον ἐσύλων μετὰ προφάσεως εὐλόγου.
Ἔταξαν δὲ χρόνον ἐν ᾧ λόγον ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἔφασαν ποιήσασθαι.
Συλλεγέντων δὲ χρημάτων συχνῶν, τοὺς μὲν
στρατιώτας ἀπήλλαξαν, ὑπὲρ δὲ τῶν σύλων διεδικάσαντο.
Τοῖς δὲ μὴ δικαίως συληθεῖσιν ἡ πόλις ἀπὸ τῶν προσόδων
30 ἀπεδίδου.
Κυζικηνοὶ δὲ στασιάσαντες πρὸς ἀλλήλους, ἐπικρατήσαντος
τοῦ δήμου, τῶν δὲ πλουσίων συνειλημμένων, ὀφείλοντες
χρήματα στρατιώταις ἐψηφίσαντο μὴ θανατῶσαι τοὺς
συνειλημμένους, ἀλλὰ χρήματα πραξαμένους φυγαδεῦσαι.
35 Χῖοι δέ, νόμου ὄντος αὐτοῖς ἀπογράψασθαι τὰ χρέα
εἰς τὸ δημόσιον, δεηθέντες χρημάτων ἐψηφίσαντο τοὺς
1Thus a substantial sum was collected for the needs of the moment.
The people of Lampsacus, expecting a large fleet of triremes to come against them, ordered the dealers to sell a medimmis of barley-meal, of which the market price was four drachmae, at six drachmae, 5and a cJions of oil, the price of which was three drachmae, at four drachmae and a half, and likewise wine and the other commodities. The individual seller thus received the usual price, while the city gained the surplus and so was well provided with money.
The people of Heraclea, when they were sending forty ships against 10the tyrants on the Bosporus, not being well provided with money, bought up from the merchants all their corn and oil and wine and the rest of their stores, fixing a date in the future at which they were to make the payment. Now it suited the merchants, better to sell their cargoes wholesale rather than retail. So the people 15of Heraclea, giving the soldiers two months' pay, took the provisions with them x on board merchant-vessels and put an official in charge of each of the ships. When they reached the enemies' territory, the soldiers bought up all the provisions from them. Thus money was collected before the generals had to pay the soldiers again, 20and so the same money was distributed time after time until they returned home.
When the Samians begged for money for their return home, the Lacedaemonians passed a decree that they would fast for one day, themselves and their households and their beasts of burden, and would give to the Samians the amount that each of them 25usually expended.
The Chalcedonians, having a large number of foreign mercenaries in their city, owed them pay which they could not give them. They therefore proclaimed that if any citizen or resident alien had any right of seizure against any state or individual and wished to exercise it, they should give in their names. When 30many did so, they seized the ships which sailed into the Black Sea on a plausible pretext, and appointed a time at which they promised to give an account of their captures. When a large sum of money had been collected they dismissed the soldiers and submitted themselves to trial for their reprisals, and the state out of its 35revenues made restitution to those who had been unjustly plundered.
The people of Lampsacus, expecting a large fleet of triremes to come against them, ordered the dealers to sell a medimmis of barley-meal, of which the market price was four drachmae, at six drachmae, 5and a cJions of oil, the price of which was three drachmae, at four drachmae and a half, and likewise wine and the other commodities. The individual seller thus received the usual price, while the city gained the surplus and so was well provided with money.
The people of Heraclea, when they were sending forty ships against 10the tyrants on the Bosporus, not being well provided with money, bought up from the merchants all their corn and oil and wine and the rest of their stores, fixing a date in the future at which they were to make the payment. Now it suited the merchants, better to sell their cargoes wholesale rather than retail. So the people 15of Heraclea, giving the soldiers two months' pay, took the provisions with them x on board merchant-vessels and put an official in charge of each of the ships. When they reached the enemies' territory, the soldiers bought up all the provisions from them. Thus money was collected before the generals had to pay the soldiers again, 20and so the same money was distributed time after time until they returned home.
When the Samians begged for money for their return home, the Lacedaemonians passed a decree that they would fast for one day, themselves and their households and their beasts of burden, and would give to the Samians the amount that each of them 25usually expended.
The Chalcedonians, having a large number of foreign mercenaries in their city, owed them pay which they could not give them. They therefore proclaimed that if any citizen or resident alien had any right of seizure against any state or individual and wished to exercise it, they should give in their names. When 30many did so, they seized the ships which sailed into the Black Sea on a plausible pretext, and appointed a time at which they promised to give an account of their captures. When a large sum of money had been collected they dismissed the soldiers and submitted themselves to trial for their reprisals, and the state out of its 35revenues made restitution to those who had been unjustly plundered.
1348a
1 ὀφείλοντας μὲν ἀποδοῦναι τῇ πόλει τὰ δάνεια, τὴν δὲ
πόλιν ἐκ τῶν προσόδων τοὺς τόκους τοῖς δεδανεικόσι καταφέρειν,
ἕως ἂν καὶ τὸ ἀρχαῖον εὐπορήσωσιν.
Μαύσωλος ὁ Καρίας τύραννος, πέμποντος βασιλέως
5 πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τῷ τοὺς φόρους δοῦναι, συναγαγὼν τοὺς
εὐπορωτάτους ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ ἔλεγεν ὅτι ὁ βασιλεὺς αἰτεῖ τοὺς
φόρους, αὐτὸς δὲ οὐκ εὐπορεῖται. Κατασκευαστοὶ δ' ἄνδρες
αὐτῷ εὐθέως ἐπηγγέλλοντο ὅσον εἰσοίσει ἕκαστος. Τούτων δὲ
τοῦτο πραξάντων, οἱ εὐπορώτεροι τὰ μὲν αἰσχυνόμενοι, τὰ
10 δὲ φοβούμενοι πολλῷ τούτων πλείω ἐπηγγέλλοντο καὶ εἰςέφερον.
Πάλιν <δὲ> δεηθεὶς χρημάτων ἐξεκκλησιάσας τοῖς
Μυλασσεῦσιν, ἔλεγεν ὅτι μητρόπολις οὖσα ἡ πόλις αὐτοῦ
αὕτη ἀτείχιστός ἐστιν, ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς ἐπ' αὐτὸν στρατεύει. Ἐκέλευσεν
οὖν τοὺς Μυλασσεῖς φέρειν ἕκαστον ὅτι πλεῖστα χρήματα,
15 φάσκων αὐτοὺς τοῖς νῦν εἰσενεχθεῖσι καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ
σῴζειν. Εἰσενεχθέντων δὲ πολλῶν τὰ μὲν χρήματα εἶχε,
τὸ δὲ τεῖχος οὐκ ἔφη τὸν θεὸν <ἐᾶν> ἐν τῷ παρόντι οἰκοδομεῖν.
Κόνδαλος Μαυσώλου ὕπαρχος, ὁπότε διαπορευομένῳ
αὐτῷ διὰ τῆς χώρας προσενέγκοι τις πρόβατον ἢ ὗν ἢ
20 μόσχον, ἀπογραψάμενος τὸν δόντα καὶ τὸν χρόνον, ἀπαγαγόντα
εἰς οἶκον ἐκέλευε τρέφειν ἕως ἂν ἐπανέλθοι·
ὁπότε δὲ δοκοίη χρόνος ἱκανὸς εἶναι, αὐτό τε τὸ τραφὲν
καὶ τὴν ἐπικαρπίαν λογισάμενος ἀπῄτει. Τῶν τε δένδρων
τὰ ὑπερέχοντα ἢ πίπτοντα εἰς τὰς ὁδοὺς τὰς βασιλικὰς
25 ἐπώλει <...> τὰς ἐπικαρπίας. Τῶν δὲ στρατιωτῶν εἴ τις τελευτήσειε,
διαπύλιον ἀπῄτει δραχμὴν τοῦ σώματος· ἅμα τε
οὖν ἐντεῦθεν καὶ ἀργύριον ἐλάμβανεν, ἅμα τε οἱ ἡγεμόνες
οὐ παρεκρούοντο αὐτόν, πότε τετελεύτηκεν ὁ στρατιώτης. Τούς
τε Λυκίους ὁρῶν ἀγαπῶντας τὸ τρίχωμα φορεῖν, ἔφησε γράμματα
30 ἥκειν παρὰ βασιλέως κόμας ἀποστεῖλαι εἰς προκόμια·
προστετάχθαι οὖν αὐτῷ ὑπὸ Μαυσώλου ἀποκεῖραι αὐτούς.
Ἔφησεν οὖν, εἰ βούλονται ἐπικεφάλαιον τακτὸν αὐτῷ δοῦναι,
μεταπέμψασθαι ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος κόμην· οἱ δὲ ἀσμένως
ἔδοσαν ὃ ᾔτει, καὶ συνελέγη χρήματα πολλὰ ἀπὸ ὄχλου πολλοῦ.
35 Ἀριστοτέλης Ῥόδιος ἄρχων Φωκαίας, ἀπορῶν χρημάτων,
ὁρῶν στάσεις οὔσας δύο τῶν Φωκαίων, λόγους ἐποιήσατο
1' When the people of Cyzicus were at variance and the popular party had gained the upper hand and the wealthy citizens had been imprisoned, they passed a decree, since they owed money to their soldiers, that they would not put their prisoners to death, but would exact money from them and send them 5into exile.
The Chians, who have*a law that a public register of debts should be kept, being in want of money decreed that debtors should pay their debts to the state and that the state should disburse the interest from its revenues to the creditors until they should reach their former state of prosperity. sent and ordered him to pay his tribute, collected together the richest 10men in the country and told them that the king was demanding the tribute, but he himself could not provide it. And certain men, who had been suborned to do so, immediately promised to contribute and named the amount that each would give. Upon this the wealthier men, partly through shame and partly from fear, promised and actually contributed far larger sums.
On another 15occasion when he was in need of money, he called together the Mylassians and told them that their city, which was his capital, was unfortified and that the king of Persia was marching against him. He therefore ordered the Mylassians each to contribute as much money as possible, saying that by what they paid now they would save the rest of their possessions. When a large 20contribution had been made, he kept the money and told them that at the moment the god would not allow them to build the wall.
Condalus, a governor under Mausolus, whenever during his passage through the country any one brought him a sheep or a pig or a calf, used to make a record of the donor and the date and order him to take it back home and keep it until he returned. When he 25thought that sufficient time had elapsed, he used to ask for the animal which was being kept for him, and reckoned up and demanded the produce-tax on it as well. And any trees which projected over or fell into the royal roads he used to sell as profits. And if any soldier died, he demanded a drachma as a toll for the corpse passing the gates; and so he not only received 30money from this source, but also the officers could not deceive him as to the date of the soldier's death. Also, noticing that the Lycians were fond of wearing their hair long, he pretended that a dispatch had come from the king of Persia ordering him to send hair to make false fringes and that he was therefore commanded by Mausolus to cut off their hair. He therefore said that, 35if they would pay him a fixed poll-tax, he would send for hair to Greece.
The Chians, who have*a law that a public register of debts should be kept, being in want of money decreed that debtors should pay their debts to the state and that the state should disburse the interest from its revenues to the creditors until they should reach their former state of prosperity. sent and ordered him to pay his tribute, collected together the richest 10men in the country and told them that the king was demanding the tribute, but he himself could not provide it. And certain men, who had been suborned to do so, immediately promised to contribute and named the amount that each would give. Upon this the wealthier men, partly through shame and partly from fear, promised and actually contributed far larger sums.
On another 15occasion when he was in need of money, he called together the Mylassians and told them that their city, which was his capital, was unfortified and that the king of Persia was marching against him. He therefore ordered the Mylassians each to contribute as much money as possible, saying that by what they paid now they would save the rest of their possessions. When a large 20contribution had been made, he kept the money and told them that at the moment the god would not allow them to build the wall.
Condalus, a governor under Mausolus, whenever during his passage through the country any one brought him a sheep or a pig or a calf, used to make a record of the donor and the date and order him to take it back home and keep it until he returned. When he 25thought that sufficient time had elapsed, he used to ask for the animal which was being kept for him, and reckoned up and demanded the produce-tax on it as well. And any trees which projected over or fell into the royal roads he used to sell as profits. And if any soldier died, he demanded a drachma as a toll for the corpse passing the gates; and so he not only received 30money from this source, but also the officers could not deceive him as to the date of the soldier's death. Also, noticing that the Lycians were fond of wearing their hair long, he pretended that a dispatch had come from the king of Persia ordering him to send hair to make false fringes and that he was therefore commanded by Mausolus to cut off their hair. He therefore said that, 35if they would pay him a fixed poll-tax, he would send for hair to Greece.
1348b
1 πρὸς τὴν ἑτέραν στάσιν ἐν ἀπορρήτοις, φάσκων αὑτῷ
διδόναι χρήματα τοὺς ἑτέρους ἐφ' ᾧ αὐτοῖς τὰ πράγματα
ἐγκλῖναι, αὐτὸς δὲ μᾶλλον βούλεσθαι παρὰ τούτων λαβεῖν
καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν πόλιν τούτοις διοικεῖν παραδοῦναι. Ἀκούσαντες
5 δὲ ταῦτα εὐθέως τὰ χρήματα οἱ παρόντες πορίσαντες
ὅσα ἐκέλευσεν ἔδωκαν· ὁ δὲ τοῖς ἑτέροις πάλιν
ἔδειξεν ἃ εἰληφὼς εἴη παρὰ τῶν ἑτέρων· οἱ δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ
ἔφασαν οὐκ ἐλάττω δώσειν. Λαβὼν δὲ παρ' ἀμφοτέρων
κατήλλαξεν αὐτοὺς πρὸς ἀλλήλους. Τοῖς τε πολίταις κατιδὼν
10 οὔσας δίκας πολλὰς καὶ μεγάλας, ἐκ πολλοῦ χρόνου
ἀδικίας οὔσης διὰ πολέμου, δικαστήριον καθίσας προεῖπεν,
ὅσοι ἂν μὴ δικάσωνται χρόνον ὃν προέθηκε, μηκέτι ἔσεσθαι
ὑπὲρ τῶν προτέρων ἐγκλημάτων κρίσεις. Τότε δὴ παράβολον
πολλῶν δικῶν <...> καὶ τὰς ἐκκλήτους μετ' ἐπιτιμίων ἐφ'
15 αὑτὸν ποιούμενος καὶ παρ' ἑκατέρων ἀργύριον δι' ἑτέρων
λαμβάνων, συνήγαγεν οὐκ ὀλίγα χρήματα.
Κλαζομένιοι δ' ἐν σιτοδείᾳ ὄντες χρημάτων τε ἀποροῦντες
ἐψηφίσαντο παρ' οἷς ἔλαιόν ἐστι τῶν ἰδιωτῶν, δανεῖσαι
τῇ πόλει ἐπὶ τόκῳ· γίνεται δὲ πολὺς οὗτος ὁ καρπὸς
20 ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ αὐτῶν. Δανεισάντων δὲ μισθωσάμενοι πλοῖα
ἀπέστειλαν εἰς τὰ ἐμπόρια, ὅθεν αὐτοῖς ἧκε σῖτος, ὑποθήκης
γενομένης τῆς τοῦ ἐλαίου τιμῆς. Ὀφείλοντές <τε> στρατιώταις
μισθὸν εἴκοσι τάλαντα καὶ οὐ δυνάμενοι, τόκον ἔφερον τοῖς
ἡγεμόσι τέτταρα τάλαντα τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ· ἐπεὶ δὲ τοῦ μὲν
25 ἀρχαίου ἀπέκοπτον οὐθέν, ἀεὶ δὲ μάτην ἐδαπάνων, νόμισμα
ἔκοψαν σιδηροῦν εἰς ἀργυρίου λόγον εἴκοσι ταλάντων, εἶτα
διδόντες τοῖς εὐπορωτάτοις ἐν τῇ πόλει κατὰ λόγον ἑκάστῳ
ἀργύριον παρ' ἐκείνων ἔλαβον ἴσον. Οἵ τε οὖν ἰδιῶται εἶχον
εἰς τὰς καθ' ἡμέραν χρείας ἀναλίσκειν καὶ ἡ πόλις τοῦ
30 χρέους ἀπηλλάγη. Δεύτερον δὲ ἐκ τῶν προσόδων ἐκείνοις
τόν τε τόκον <ὃν> κατέφερον ἀεὶ διαιροῦντες ἑκάστῳ πρὸς
μέρος διεδίδοσαν, τοὺς δὲ σιδηροῦς ἐκομίζοντο.
Σηλυβριανοὶ δὲ δεηθέντες χρημάτων, νόμου ὄντος αὐτοῖς
σίτου μὴ ἐξαγωγὴν <εἶναι>, [ἐν] λιμοῦ γενομένου, ἐκείνοις δὲ
35 ὑπάρχοντος σίτου παλαιοῦ, ἐψηφίσαντο τῇ πόλει παραδοῦναι
τοὺς ἰδιώτας τὸν σῖτον τῆς τεταγμένης τιμῆς, ὑπολειπόμενον ἕκαστον
1They gladly gave him what he asked, and a large sum of money was collected from a great number of them.
Aristotle, the Rhodian, who was governor of Phocaea, was in want of money. Perceiving therefore that there were two parties amongst the Phocaeans, he made secret overtures to one party 5saying that the other faction was offering him money on condition that he would turn the scale in their favour, but that for his own part he would rather receive money from them and give the direction of affairs into their hands. When they heard this, those who were present immediately gave him the money, supplying him with all he asked for. He then went to the 10other party and showed them what he had received from their opponents; whereupon they also professed their willingness to give him an equal sum. So he took the money from both parties and reconciled them one with another. Also, noticing that there was much litigation among the citizens and that there were grievances of long standing among them owing to war, he 15established a court of law and proclaimed that unless they submitted their cases to judgement within a period which he appointed, there would be no further settlement of their former claims. Then getting control of the deposits paid in a number of suits, and the cases which were subject to appeal with damages, and receiving money from both parties by other 20means, he collected a large sum.
The Clazomenians, when they were suffering from famine and were in want of money, decreed that private individuals who had any olive oil should lend it to the state, which would pay them interest. Now olives are abundant in this country. When the owners had lent them the oil, they hired ships and sent it to the marts from which 25their corn came, giving the value of the oil as a pledge. And when they owed pay to their soldiers to the amount of twenty talents and could not provide it, they paid the generals four talents a year as interest. But finding that they did not reduce the principal and that they were continually spending money to no purpose, they struck an iron coinage to represent 30a sum of twenty talents of silver, and then distributing it among the richest citizens in proportion to their wealth they received in exchange an equivalent sum in silver. Thus the individual citizens had money to disburse for their daily needs and the state was freed from debt. They then paid them interest out of their revenues and continually divided it up 35and distributed it in proper proportions, and called in the iron coinage.
Aristotle, the Rhodian, who was governor of Phocaea, was in want of money. Perceiving therefore that there were two parties amongst the Phocaeans, he made secret overtures to one party 5saying that the other faction was offering him money on condition that he would turn the scale in their favour, but that for his own part he would rather receive money from them and give the direction of affairs into their hands. When they heard this, those who were present immediately gave him the money, supplying him with all he asked for. He then went to the 10other party and showed them what he had received from their opponents; whereupon they also professed their willingness to give him an equal sum. So he took the money from both parties and reconciled them one with another. Also, noticing that there was much litigation among the citizens and that there were grievances of long standing among them owing to war, he 15established a court of law and proclaimed that unless they submitted their cases to judgement within a period which he appointed, there would be no further settlement of their former claims. Then getting control of the deposits paid in a number of suits, and the cases which were subject to appeal with damages, and receiving money from both parties by other 20means, he collected a large sum.
The Clazomenians, when they were suffering from famine and were in want of money, decreed that private individuals who had any olive oil should lend it to the state, which would pay them interest. Now olives are abundant in this country. When the owners had lent them the oil, they hired ships and sent it to the marts from which 25their corn came, giving the value of the oil as a pledge. And when they owed pay to their soldiers to the amount of twenty talents and could not provide it, they paid the generals four talents a year as interest. But finding that they did not reduce the principal and that they were continually spending money to no purpose, they struck an iron coinage to represent 30a sum of twenty talents of silver, and then distributing it among the richest citizens in proportion to their wealth they received in exchange an equivalent sum in silver. Thus the individual citizens had money to disburse for their daily needs and the state was freed from debt. They then paid them interest out of their revenues and continually divided it up 35and distributed it in proper proportions, and called in the iron coinage.
1349a
1 ἐνιαυτοῦ τροφήν· εἶτα ἐξαγωγὴν ἔδωκαν
τῷ βουλομένῳ, τάξαντες τιμὴν ἣν ἐδόκει καλῶς ἔχειν αὐτοῖς.
Ἀβυδηνοὶ δέ, διὰ στασιασμὸν τῆς χώρας ἀργοῦ γενομένης
καὶ τῶν μετοίκων οὐ προϊεμένων αὐτοῖς οὐδὲν διὰ
5 τὸ καὶ ἔτι ὀφείλειν, ἐψηφίσαντο τὸν βουλόμενον τοῖς γεωργοῖς
δανείζειν ὡς ἐργάσωνται, ὡς πρώτοις αὐτοῖς ἐσομένης
τῆς κομιδῆς ἐκ τοῦ καρποῦ, τοῖς δὲ ἄλλοις ἐκ τῶν
λειπομένων.
Ἐφέσιοι δεηθέντες χρημάτων νόμον ἔθεντο μὴ φορεῖν
10 χρυσὸν τὰς γυναῖκας, ὅσον δὲ νῦν ἔχουσι δανεῖσαι τῇ
πόλει· τῶν τε κιόνων τῶν ἐν τῷ νεῷ τάξαντες ἀργύριον
ὃ δεῖ καταβαλεῖν εἴων ἐπιγράφεσθαι τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ δόντος
τὸ ἀργύριον ὡς ἀνατεθεικότος.
Διονύσιος Συρακούσιος βουλόμενος χρήματα συναγαγεῖν,
15 ἐκκλησίαν ποιήσας ἔφησεν ἑωρακέναι τὴν Δήμητραν,
καὶ κελεύειν τὸν τῶν γυναικῶν κόσμον εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν ἀποκομίζειν·
αὐτὸς μὲν οὖν τῶν παρ' αὑτῷ γυναικῶν τὸν κόσμον
τοῦτο πεποιηκέναι, ἠξίου δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους, μή τι μήνιμα
παρὰ τῆς θεοῦ γένηται· τὸν δὲ μὴ τοῦτο ποιήσαντα ἔνοχον
20 ἔφησεν ἱεροσυλίας ἔσεσθαι. Ἀνενεγκάντων δὲ πάντων ἃ εἶχον
διά τε τὴν θεὸν καὶ δι' ἐκεῖνον, θύσας τῇ θεῷ τὸν κόσμον
ἀπηνέγκατο ὡς παρὰ τῆς θεοῦ δεδανεισμένος. Προελθόντος δὲ
χρόνου καὶ τῶν γυναικῶν πάλιν φορουσῶν, ἐκέλευσε τὴν βουλομένην
χρυσοφορεῖν τάγμα τι ἀνατιθέναι ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ. Τριηρεῖς
25 τε ναυπηγεῖσθαι μέλλων ᾔδει ὅτι δεήσοιτο χρημάτων.
Ἐκκλησίαν οὖν συναγαγὼν ἔφη πόλιν αὑτῷ τινα προδίδοσθαι,
εἰς ἣν δεῖσθαι χρημάτων, ἠξίου τε αὑτῷ τοὺς πολίτας εἰσενέγκαι
δύο στατῆρας ἕκαστον· οἳ δ' εἰσήνεγκαν. Διαλιπὼν δὲ δύο
ἢ τρεῖς ἡμέρας, ὡς διημαρτηκὼς τῆς πράξεως, ἐπαινέσας
30 αὐτοὺς ἀπέδωκεν ἑκάστῳ ὃ εἰσήνεγκαν. Ποιήσας δὲ τοῦτο
ἀνεκτήσατο τοὺς πολίτας. Εἶτα πάλιν, οἰόμενοι ἀπολήψεσθαι,
εἰσήνεγκαν· ὃ δὲ λαβὼν εἶχεν εἰς τὴν ναυπηγίαν. Οὐκ
εὐπορῶν δὲ ἀργυρίου νόμισμα ἔκοψε καττιτέρου, καὶ συναγαγὼν
ἐκκλησίαν πολλὰ τοῦ κεκομμένου νομίσματος ὑπερεῖπεν·
35 οἳ δὲ ἐψηφίσαντο καὶ μὴ βουλόμενοι ἕκαστος ὃ ἂν
εἵλετο ἔχειν ὡς ἀργυροῦν ἀλλὰ μὴ καττιτέρινον. Πάλιν τε
1The Selybrians were once in need of money; and so, as they had a law which forbade the export of corn to another state which was suffering from famine, and they had a supply of last season's corn, they passed a decree that private persons should hand over their corn to the state at a fixed 5price, each reserving a year's supply; they then allowed any one who wished to export his supply, fixing a price which they thought would give them a profit.
The people of Abydos, when their land was untilled owing to political dissensions and the resident aliens were paying them nothing because they still owed them money, passed a decree that any one who was 10willing should lend money to the farmers in order that they might till the soil, providing that they should enjoy the first-fruits of the crop and that the others should have what remained.
The Ephesians, being in need of money, made a law that their women should not wear gold ornaments, but should lend to the state what they already possessed; and fixing the 15amount which was to be paid they allowed the name of any one who presented that sum to be inscribed as that of the dedicator on certain of the pillars in the temple.
Dionysius of Syracuse, wishing to collect money, called together an assembly and declared that Demeter had appeared to him and bade him bring the ornaments of the women to her temple.. He had therefore, 20he said, done so with the ornaments of the women of his own household; and he demanded that every one else should do the same, lest vengeance from the goddess should fall upon them. Any one who refused would, he said, be guilty of sacrilege. When all had brought what they possessed through fear of the goddess and dread of Dionysius, after dedicating the 25ornaments to the goddess he then appropriated them, saying that they were lent to him by her. And when some time had elapsed and the women began wearing ornaments again, he ordered that any woman who wished to wear jewellery of gold should dedicate a fixed sum in the temple.
And when he was intending to build triremes, he knew that he would be in want of money. He 30therefore called together an assembly and said that a certain city was to be betrayed to him and that he needed money for this purpose. He therefore asked the citizens to contribute two staters each; and they did so. He then let two or three days elapse, and pretending that he had failed in his attempt, after commending their generosity he gave every man his 35contri bution back again. By this action he won the hearts of the citizens.
The people of Abydos, when their land was untilled owing to political dissensions and the resident aliens were paying them nothing because they still owed them money, passed a decree that any one who was 10willing should lend money to the farmers in order that they might till the soil, providing that they should enjoy the first-fruits of the crop and that the others should have what remained.
The Ephesians, being in need of money, made a law that their women should not wear gold ornaments, but should lend to the state what they already possessed; and fixing the 15amount which was to be paid they allowed the name of any one who presented that sum to be inscribed as that of the dedicator on certain of the pillars in the temple.
Dionysius of Syracuse, wishing to collect money, called together an assembly and declared that Demeter had appeared to him and bade him bring the ornaments of the women to her temple.. He had therefore, 20he said, done so with the ornaments of the women of his own household; and he demanded that every one else should do the same, lest vengeance from the goddess should fall upon them. Any one who refused would, he said, be guilty of sacrilege. When all had brought what they possessed through fear of the goddess and dread of Dionysius, after dedicating the 25ornaments to the goddess he then appropriated them, saying that they were lent to him by her. And when some time had elapsed and the women began wearing ornaments again, he ordered that any woman who wished to wear jewellery of gold should dedicate a fixed sum in the temple.
And when he was intending to build triremes, he knew that he would be in want of money. He 30therefore called together an assembly and said that a certain city was to be betrayed to him and that he needed money for this purpose. He therefore asked the citizens to contribute two staters each; and they did so. He then let two or three days elapse, and pretending that he had failed in his attempt, after commending their generosity he gave every man his 35contri bution back again. By this action he won the hearts of the citizens.
1349b
1 δεηθεὶς χρημάτων ἠξίου τοὺς πολίτας εἰσενεγκεῖν
αὑτῷ· οἳ δ' οὐκ ἔφασαν ἔχειν. Ἐξενέγκας οὖν τὰ σκεύη τὰ παρ'
αὑτοῦ ἐπώλει, ὡς δὴ δι' ἀπορίαν τοῦτο ποιῶν· ἀγοραζόντων
δὲ Συρακουσίων, ἀπεγράφετο τί ἕκαστος ἀγοράσειεν· ἐπεὶ
5 δὲ τὴν τιμὴν κατέβαλον, ἐκέλευσε τὸ σκεῦος ἀναφέρειν
ἕκαστον ὃ ἠγόρασεν. Τῶν τε πολιτῶν διὰ τὰς εἰσφορὰς οὐ
τρεφόντων βοσκήματα, εἶπεν ὅτι ἱκανὰ ἦν αὑτῷ πρὸς τοσοῦτον·
τοὺς οὖν νῦν τι κτησαμένους ἀτελεῖς ἔσεσθαι. Πολλῶν
δὲ ταχὺ κτησαμένων πολλὰ βοσκήματα ὡς ἀτελῆ ἑξόντων,
10 ἐπεὶ καιρὸν ᾤετο εἶναι, τιμήσασθαι κελεύσας ἐπέβαλε
τέλος. Οἱ οὖν πολῖται ἀγανακτήσαντες ἐπὶ τῷ ἐξηπατῆσθαι,
σφάζοντες ἐπώλουν. Ὡς δὲ πρὸς τοῦτο ἔταξε σφάζεσθαι
ὅσα δεῖ τῆς ἡμέρας, οἳ δὲ πάλιν ἱερόθυτα ἐποίουν· ὃ δὲ
ἀπεῖπε θῆλυ μὴ θύειν. Πάλιν τε δεηθεὶς χρημάτων ἐκέλευσεν
15 ἀπογράψασθαι [χρημάτων] πρὸς αὑτὸν ὅσοι οἶκοί
εἰσιν ὀρφανικοί. Ἀπογραψαμένων δὲ ἄλλων τὰ τούτων
χρήματα ἀπεχρᾶτο ἕως ἕκαστος εἰς ἡλικίαν ἔλθοι. Ῥήγιόν
τε καταλαβών, ἐκκλησίαν συναγαγὼν εἶπε διότι δικαίως
μὲν ἂν ἐξανδραποδισθεῖεν ὑπ' αὐτοῦ, νῦν μέντοι τὰ
20 εἰς τὸν πόλεμον ἀνηλωμένα χρήματα κομισάμενος καὶ
ὑπὲρ ἑκάστου σώματος τρεῖς μνᾶς ἀφήσειν αὐτούς. Οἱ δὲ
Ῥηγῖνοι ὅσα ποτ' ἦν αὐτοῖς ἀποκεκρυμμένα ἐμφανῆ
ἐποίουν καὶ οἱ ἄποροι παρὰ τῶν εὐπορωτέρων καὶ παρὰ
τῶν ξένων δανειζόμενοι ἐπόρισαν ἃ ἐκέλευσε χρήματα.
25 Λαβὼν δὲ ταῦτα παρ' αὐτῶν τά τε σώματα πάντα οὐδὲν
ἧττον ἀπέδοτο τά τε σκεύη, ἃ τότε ἦν ἀποκεκρυμμένα,
ἐμφανῆ ἅπαντα ἔλαβε. Δανεισάμενός τε παρὰ τῶν πολιτῶν
χρήματα ἐπ' ἀποδόσει, ὡς ἀπῄτουν αὐτόν, ἐκέλευσεν
ἀναφέρειν ὅσον ἔχει τις ἀργύριον πρὸς αὐτόν· εἰ δὲ μή,
30 θάνατον ἔταξε τὸ ἐπιτίμιον. Ἀνενεχθέντος δὲ τοῦ ἀργυρίου,
ἐπικόψας χαρακτῆρα ἐξέδωκε τὴν δραχμὴν δύο δυναμένην
δραχμὰς καὶ τό τε ὀφειλόμενον πρότερον <...> ἀνήνεγκαν
πρὸς αὐτόν. Εἰς Τυρρηνίαν τε πλεύσας ναυσὶν ἑκατόν,
ἔλαβεν ἐκ τοῦ τῆς Λευκοθέας ἱεροῦ χρυσίον τε καὶ ἀργύριον
35 πολὺ καὶ τὸν ἄλλον κόσμον οὐκ ὀλίγον. Εἰδὼς δὲ ὅτι καὶ
οἱ ναῦται πολλὰ ἔχουσιν, κήρυγμα ἐποιήσατο τὰ ἡμίσεα
1And so they again contributed, thinking that they would receive their money back again; but he took the money and kept' it for building his ships.
And when he was in need of money he struck a coinage of tin, and calling an assembly together he spoke at great length in favour of the money 5which had been coined; and they, even against their will, decreed that every one should regard any of it that he accepted as silver and not as tin.
On another occasion, being in want of money, he asked the citizens to give him contributions; but they declared that they had nothing to give. Accordingly he brought out his own household goods and offered them for 10sale, as though compelled to do so by poverty. When the Syracusans bought them, he kept a record of what each had bought, and when they had paid the price, he ordered each of them to bring back the articles which he had bought.
And when the citizens owing to the taxes could not keep cattle, he said that he had enough up to the present; those therefore who kept 15cattle should now.be free from a tax on them. But since many soon acquired a large number of cattle, thinking that they could keep them without paying a tax on them, when he thought that a fitting moment had come he gave orders that they should assess their value and then imposed a tax. Accordingly the citizens, angry at having been deceived, slew their cattle 20and sold them. And when, to prevent this, he ordered them to kill only as many as were needed for daily use, they next devoted them for sacrifice to the gods. Dionysius then forbade them to sacrifice any female beast.
On another occasion when he was in need of money, he And after he had captured Rhegium he called an assembly of the inhabitants together and 25informed them that he would be quite justified in enslaving them, but under ao the circumstances he would let them go free if he received the amount which he had spent on the war and three minae a head from all of them. The Rhegians then brought to light the wealth which before had been hidden, and the poor borrowed from the richer citizens and from foreigners and 30provided the sum which he demanded. When he had received it from them he nevertheless sold them all as slaves, and seized all the treasures which had before been hidden and were now brought to light.
Also having borrowed money from the citizens under promise of repayment, when they demanded it back he ordered them to bring him whatever money any of them 35possessed, threatening them with death as the penalty if they failed to do so.
And when he was in need of money he struck a coinage of tin, and calling an assembly together he spoke at great length in favour of the money 5which had been coined; and they, even against their will, decreed that every one should regard any of it that he accepted as silver and not as tin.
On another occasion, being in want of money, he asked the citizens to give him contributions; but they declared that they had nothing to give. Accordingly he brought out his own household goods and offered them for 10sale, as though compelled to do so by poverty. When the Syracusans bought them, he kept a record of what each had bought, and when they had paid the price, he ordered each of them to bring back the articles which he had bought.
And when the citizens owing to the taxes could not keep cattle, he said that he had enough up to the present; those therefore who kept 15cattle should now.be free from a tax on them. But since many soon acquired a large number of cattle, thinking that they could keep them without paying a tax on them, when he thought that a fitting moment had come he gave orders that they should assess their value and then imposed a tax. Accordingly the citizens, angry at having been deceived, slew their cattle 20and sold them. And when, to prevent this, he ordered them to kill only as many as were needed for daily use, they next devoted them for sacrifice to the gods. Dionysius then forbade them to sacrifice any female beast.
On another occasion when he was in need of money, he And after he had captured Rhegium he called an assembly of the inhabitants together and 25informed them that he would be quite justified in enslaving them, but under ao the circumstances he would let them go free if he received the amount which he had spent on the war and three minae a head from all of them. The Rhegians then brought to light the wealth which before had been hidden, and the poor borrowed from the richer citizens and from foreigners and 30provided the sum which he demanded. When he had received it from them he nevertheless sold them all as slaves, and seized all the treasures which had before been hidden and were now brought to light.
Also having borrowed money from the citizens under promise of repayment, when they demanded it back he ordered them to bring him whatever money any of them 35possessed, threatening them with death as the penalty if they failed to do so.
1350a
1 ὧν ἔχει ἕκαστος ἀναφέρειν πρὸς αὑτόν, τὰ δ' ἡμίσεα
ἔχειν τὸν λαβόντα· τῷ δὲ μὴ ἀνενέγκαντι θάνατον ἔταξε τὸ
ἐπιτίμιον. Ὑπολαβόντες δὲ οἱ ναῦται ἀνενεγκόντες τὰ ἡμίσεα
τὰ κατάλοιπα ἔχειν, ἀδεῶς ἀνήνεγκαν· ὃ δ' ἐπείπερ ἐκεῖνα
5 ἔλαβεν, ἐκέλευσε πάλιν τὰ ἡμίσεα ἀναφέρειν.
Μενδαῖοι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἀπὸ λιμένων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων
τελῶν αὐτοῖς προσπορευόμενα [ἐχρῶντο] εἰς διοίκησιν τῆς
πόλεως, τὰ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς καὶ οἰκιῶν τέλη οὐκ ἔπραττον,
ἀλλ' ἀνέγραφον τοὺς ἔχοντας· ὁπότε δὲ δεηθεῖεν χρημάτων,
10 ἀπεδίδοσαν <ὡς> ὀφείλοντες· ἐκέρδαινον οὖν τὸν παρεληλυθότα
χρόνον ἀτόκοις τοῖς χρήμασιν ἀποκεχρημένοι. Πολεμοῦντες
<δὲ> πρὸς Ὀλυνθίους καὶ δεόμενοι χρημάτων, ὄντων αὐτοῖς
ἀνδραπόδων, ἐψηφίσαντο καταλειπομένου ἑνὶ ἑκάστῳ θήλεος
καὶ ἄρρενος τὰ ἄλλα ἀποδόσθαι †τῇ πόλει ὡς ἐκδανεῖσαι τοὺς
15 ἰδιώτας χρήματα.†
Καλλίστρατος <Ἀθηναῖος>, ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ πωλουμένου
τοῦ ἐλλιμενίου ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ εἴκοσι ταλάντων, ἐποίησεν εὑρεῖν
τὸ διπλάσιον· κατιδὼν γὰρ ὠνουμένους τοὺς εὐπορωτέρους
ἀεὶ διὰ τὸ δεῖν ταλαντιαίους καθιστάναι τοὺς ἐγγύους τῶν εἴκοσι
20 ταλάντων, προεκήρυξεν ὠνεῖσθαι τὸν βουλόμενον καὶ
τοὺς ἐγγύους καθιστάναι τοῦ τρίτου μέρους καὶ καθ' ὁπόσον
ἕκαστος δύνηται πείθειν.
Τιμόθεος Ἀθηναῖος πολεμῶν πρὸς Ὀλυνθίους καὶ ἀπορούμενος
ἀργυρίου, κόψας χαλκὸν διεδίδου τοῖς στρατιώταις.
25 Ἀγανακτούντων δὲ τῶν στρατιωτῶν ἔφη αὐτοῖς τοὺς ἐμπόρους
τε καὶ ἀγοραίους ἅπαντα ὡσαύτως πωλήσειν. Τοῖς δ'
ἐμπόροις προεῖπεν ὃν ἄν τις λάβῃ χαλκόν, τούτου πάλιν
ἀγοράζειν τά τ' ἐκ τῆς χώρας ὤνια καὶ τὰ ἐκ τῶν λειῶν
ἀγόμενα· ὃς δ' ἂν περιλειφθῇ αὐτοῖς χαλκός, πρὸς αὐτὸν
30 ἀναφέροντας ἀργύριον λαμβάνειν. Περὶ Κέρκυραν δὲ πολεμῶν
καὶ ἀπόρως διακείμενος καὶ τῶν στρατιωτῶν αἰτούντων
τοὺς μισθοὺς καὶ ἀπειθούντων αὐτῷ καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ὑπεναντίους
φασκόντων ἀποπορεύεσθαι, ἐκκλησίαν συναγαγὼν
ἔφησεν οὐ δύνασθαι διὰ τοὺς χειμῶνας παραγενέσθαι αὑτῷ
35 ἀργύριον, ἐπεὶ τοσαύτην εἶναι περὶ αὑτὸν εὐπορίαν, ὥστε τὴν
προδεδομένην τριμήνου σιταρχίαν δωρεὰν αὐτοῖς διδόναι· οἳ
1When the money had been brought, he issued it again after stamping it afresh so that each drachma had the value of two drachmae, and paid back the original debt and the money which they brought him on this occasion. And when he sailed against Tyrrhenia with a hundred ships he took much 5gold and silver and a considerable quantity of other ornaments of all kinds from the temple of Leucothea. And knowing that the sailors too were keeping many things for themselves, he made a proclamation that every one should bring him the half of what he had and might retain the other half; and he threatened with death any one who failed to deliver up the 10half. The sailors, supposing that if they gave up the half they would be allowed undisturbed possession of the rest, did so; but Dionysius, when he had received it, ordered them to go back and bring him the other half. 5 The Mendaeans used the proceeds of their harbour customs and their other dues for the administration of their city, but did not exact the 15taxes on land and houses; but they kept a register of property-owners, and whenever they needed money, those who owed taxes paid them. They thus profited during the time which elapsed by having full use of the money without paying interest.
When they were at war with the Olynthians and needed money, seeing that they had slaves they decreed that a female and a 20male slave should be left to each citizen and the rest sold, so that private individuals might lend money to the state. Callistratus, when the harbour-dues in Macedonia were usually sold at twenty talents, made them fetch double that price. For, noticing that the richer men always bought them because it was necessary that the sureties provided for the twenty 25talents should be possessed of one talent, he proclaimed that any one who liked could purchase them and that sureties should be provided for only a third or any other proportion which he could persuade them each to guarantee.
Timothcus, the Athenian, when he was at war with the Olynthians, and in need of money, struck a bronze coinage and distributed it to 30the soldiers. When they protested, he told them that the merchants and retailers would all sell their goods on the same terms as before. He then told the merchants, if they received any bronze money, to use it again to buy the commodities sent in for sale from the country arid anything which was brought in as plunder, and said that, if they brought him any 35bronze money which they had left over, they should receive silver for it.
When they were at war with the Olynthians and needed money, seeing that they had slaves they decreed that a female and a 20male slave should be left to each citizen and the rest sold, so that private individuals might lend money to the state. Callistratus, when the harbour-dues in Macedonia were usually sold at twenty talents, made them fetch double that price. For, noticing that the richer men always bought them because it was necessary that the sureties provided for the twenty 25talents should be possessed of one talent, he proclaimed that any one who liked could purchase them and that sureties should be provided for only a third or any other proportion which he could persuade them each to guarantee.
Timothcus, the Athenian, when he was at war with the Olynthians, and in need of money, struck a bronze coinage and distributed it to 30the soldiers. When they protested, he told them that the merchants and retailers would all sell their goods on the same terms as before. He then told the merchants, if they received any bronze money, to use it again to buy the commodities sent in for sale from the country arid anything which was brought in as plunder, and said that, if they brought him any 35bronze money which they had left over, they should receive silver for it.
1350b
1 δὲ ὑπολαβόντες οὐκ ἄν ποτε προέσθαι τοσαῦτα χρήματα
τὸν Τιμόθεον αὐτοῖς εἰ μὴ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ προσδόκιμα ἦν τὰ
χρήματα πρὸς αὐτόν, ἡσυχίαν εἶχον ὑπὲρ τῶν μισθῶν
ἕως ἐκεῖνος διῳκήσατο ἃ ἐβούλετο. Σάμον δὲ πολιορκῶν
5 τοὺς καρποὺς καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν ἀπεδίδοτο αὐτοῖς
τοῖς Σαμίοις, ὥστε εὐπόρησε χρημάτων εἰς μισθοὺς τοῖς
στρατιώταις. Τῶν τε ἐπιτηδείων ἐπεὶ σπάνις ἦν ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ
διὰ τοὺς εἰσαφικνουμένους, ἀπηγόρευσε μὴ πωλεῖν
σῖτον ἀληλεσμένον μηδὲ μέτρον ἔλαττον ἢ μέδιμνον, μηδὲ τῶν
10 ὑγρῶν μηθὲν ἔλαττον ἢ μετρητήν. Οἱ μὲν οὖν ταξίαρχοί τε
καὶ λοχαγοὶ ἀγοράζοντες ἁθρόα διεδίδοσαν τοῖς στρατιώταις,
οἱ δὲ εἰσαφικνούμενοι ἦγον αὑτοῖς τὰ ἐπιτήδεια·
ὁπότε δὲ ἀπαλλάττοιντο, εἴ τι περίλοιπον εἴη αὐτοῖς, ἐπώλουν,
ὥστε συνέβαινεν εὐπορεῖσθαι τοὺς στρατιώτας τῶν
15 ἐπιτηδείων.
Δατάμης Πέρσης ἔχων στρατιώτας τὰ μὲν καθ' ἡμέραν
πορίζειν ἐδύνατο ἐκ τῆς πολεμίας αὐτοῖς, νόμισμα δὲ οὐκ
ἔχων διδόναι, ἀπαιτούμενος δὲ χρόνου γενομένου οὗ ὤφειλε,
τεχνάζει τοιόνδε. Ἐκκλησίαν συναγαγὼν ἔφη οὐκ ἀπορεῖσθαι
20 χρημάτων, ἀλλ' εἶναι αὑτῷ ἐν χωρίῳ τινί, λέγων ἐν
ᾧ εἴη, καὶ ἀναζεύξας ἐβάδιζεν ἐπ' αὐτό. Εἶτα, ὡς ἐγγὺς
τοῦ χωρίου ἐγένετο, προελθὼν εἰς αὐτὸ ἔλαβεν ἐκ τῶν ἐνόντων
ἱερῶν ὅσος ἐνῆν κοῖλος ἄργυρος· εἶτ' ἐπισκευάσας τὰς
ἡμιόνους ὡς ἀγούσας ἀργύριον παραφαινούσας τε ταῦτα
25 ἐβάδιζεν. Ἰδόντες δὲ οἱ στρατιῶται καὶ νομίσαντες ἅπαντα
εἶναι ἄργυρον τὰ ἀγόμενα, ἐθάρρησαν ὡς κομιούμενοι τὸν
μισθόν. Ὃ δὲ ἔφη δεῖν εἰς Ἀμισὸν ἐλθόντας ἐπισημήνασθαι·
ἦν δ' εἰς τὴν Ἀμισὸν ὁδὸς πολλῶν τε ἡμερῶν καὶ χειμέριος.
Τὸν δὴ χρόνον τοῦτον ἀπεχρᾶτο τῷ στρατοπέδῳ τὰ
30 ἐπιτήδεια μόνον διδούς. Τούς <τε> τεχνίτας τοὺς ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ
αὐτὸς εἶχε καὶ τοὺς καπήλους τοὺς μεταβαλλομένους
τι· ἄλλῳ δὲ οὐκ ἦν οὐθενὶ οὐθὲν τούτων ποιεῖν.
Χαβρίας Ἀθηναῖος Ταῲ τῷ Αἰγυπτίων βασιλεῖ ἐκστρατεύοντι
καὶ δεομένῳ χρημάτων συνεβούλευε τῶν τε
35 ἱερῶν τινα καὶ τῶν ἱερέων τὸ πλῆθος φάναι πρὸς τοὺς
ἱερεῖς δεῖν παραλυθῆναι διὰ τὴν δαπάνην. Ἀκούσαντες δὲ
1When he was making war in the neighbourhood of Corcyra and was in difficulties, and the soldiers were demanding their pay and refusing to obey him and threatening to go over to the enemy, he called together an assembly and told them that no money could reach him owing to the stormy weather, for 5he had, he declared, such an abundance of supplies that he offered them as a free gift the three months' rations which they had already received. They, supposing that Timotheus would never have made such a valuable concession unless he really expected the money, kept silence about the pay; and he meanwhile achieved the objects which he had in view.
When he was besieging 10Samos he actually sold to the inhabitants the fruits and the produce of their lands, and so had abundance of money to pay his soldiers. And when there was a shortage of provisions in the camp owing to the arrival of newcomers, he forbade the sale of corn ready ground, and of any smaller measure than a medinmus, and of any liquid in a smaller quantity than a mctreta. 15Accordingly the commanders of divisions and companies bought up provisions wholesale and distributed them to the soldiers, while the newcomers brought their own provisions with them and, when they departed, sold anything that they had left. The result was that the soldiers had an abundance of provisions.,.
Didales, the Persian, having soldiers under his command, could 20supply their daily needs from the enemy's country, but having no money to give them, and being requested to pay them, when the time came at which it was due he devised the following plan. He called together an assembly and told them that he had no lack of money, but that it was in a certain place which he named. He therefore moved his camp and started to march thither. Then 25when he was near the place, he went in advance to it and took from the temples there all the embossed silver plate which they contained. He then loaded his mules so that the silver plate was visible, and they looked as though they were carrying solid silver. The soldiers, when they saw it, thought that the loads were all solid silver and were en couraged, thinking 30that they would receive their pay. But Didales told them that he must go to Amisus and have the silver minted. Now the journey to Amisus was one of many days and exposed to the weather. So all this time he made use of the army, merely giving them their rations.
He kept in his personal service all the skilled artificers in the army and the retailers who carried on traffic 35in any commodity; and no one else was permitted to do any of these things.
When he was besieging 10Samos he actually sold to the inhabitants the fruits and the produce of their lands, and so had abundance of money to pay his soldiers. And when there was a shortage of provisions in the camp owing to the arrival of newcomers, he forbade the sale of corn ready ground, and of any smaller measure than a medinmus, and of any liquid in a smaller quantity than a mctreta. 15Accordingly the commanders of divisions and companies bought up provisions wholesale and distributed them to the soldiers, while the newcomers brought their own provisions with them and, when they departed, sold anything that they had left. The result was that the soldiers had an abundance of provisions.,.
Didales, the Persian, having soldiers under his command, could 20supply their daily needs from the enemy's country, but having no money to give them, and being requested to pay them, when the time came at which it was due he devised the following plan. He called together an assembly and told them that he had no lack of money, but that it was in a certain place which he named. He therefore moved his camp and started to march thither. Then 25when he was near the place, he went in advance to it and took from the temples there all the embossed silver plate which they contained. He then loaded his mules so that the silver plate was visible, and they looked as though they were carrying solid silver. The soldiers, when they saw it, thought that the loads were all solid silver and were en couraged, thinking 30that they would receive their pay. But Didales told them that he must go to Amisus and have the silver minted. Now the journey to Amisus was one of many days and exposed to the weather. So all this time he made use of the army, merely giving them their rations.
He kept in his personal service all the skilled artificers in the army and the retailers who carried on traffic 35in any commodity; and no one else was permitted to do any of these things.
1351a
1 οἱ ἱερεῖς καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν παρ' αὑτοῖς ἕκαστοι βουλόμενοι
εἶναι καὶ εἶναι αὐτοὶ ἱερεῖς, ἐδίδοσαν χρήματα. Ἐπεὶ δὲ παρὰ
πάντων εἰλήφει, προστάξαι αὐτοῖς ἐκέλευσεν εἰς μὲν τὸ
ἱερὸν καὶ εἰς αὑτὸν τῆς δαπάνης ἧς πρότερον ἐποιοῦντο τὸ
5 δέκατον μέρος ποιεῖσθαι, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ αὑτῷ δανεῖσαι ἕως
<ὁ> πόλεμος ὁ πρὸς βασιλέα διαλυθῇ. Ἀπ' οἰκίας δὲ ἑκάστης
κελεῦσαι ἅπαντας εἰσενέγκαι τάξαντα ὃ δεῖ, καὶ ἀπὸ
τοῦ σώματος ὡσαύτως. Τοῦ <δὲ> σίτου τοῦ πωλουμένου χωρὶς
τῆς τιμῆς διδόναι τὸν πωλοῦντα καὶ ὠνούμενον ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρτάβης
10 τὸν ὀβολόν. Ἀπό <τε> τῶν πλοίων καὶ ἐργαστηρίων
καὶ τῶν ἄλλην τινὰ ἐργασίαν παρεχόντων τῆς ἐργασίας μέρος
τὸ δέκατον κελεῦσαι ἀποτελεῖν. Ἐκστρατεύειν δ' αὐτῷ μέλλοντι
ἐκ τῆς χώρας, εἴ τίς τι ἔχει ἄσημον ἀργύριον ἢ
χρυσίον, κελεῦσαι ἐνέγκαι πρὸς αὑτόν· ἐνεγκάντων δὲ τῶν
15 πλείστων, ἐκέλευσε τούτῳ μὲν ἐκεῖνον χρᾶσθαι, τοὺς δὲ δανείσαντας
συστῆσαι τοῖς νομάρχαις ὥστ' ἐκ τῶν φόρων
αὐτοῖς ἀποδοῦναι.
Ἰφικράτης Ἀθηναῖος, Κότυος συναγαγόντος στρατιώτας,
ἐπόρισεν αὐτῷ χρήματα τρόπον τοιοῦτον. Ἐκέλευσε
20 τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὧν ἦρχε προστάξαι κατασπεῖραι αὐτῷ γῆν
τριῶν μεδίμνων· τούτου δὲ πραχθέντος συνελέγη σίτου πολὺ
πλῆθος. Καταγαγὼν οὖν ἐπὶ τὰ ἐμπόρια ἀπέδοτο καὶ εὐπόρησε
χρημάτων.
Κότυς Θρᾷξ παρὰ Περινθίων ἐδανείζετο χρήματα
25 εἰς τοὺς στρατιώτας [συναγαγεῖν], οἱ δὲ Περίνθιοι οὐκ ἐδίδοσαν
αὐτῷ. Ἠξίωσεν οὖν αὐτοὺς ἄνδρας γε τῶν πολιτῶν
φρουροὺς δοῦναι εἰς χωρία τινά, ἵνα τοῖς ἐκεῖ στρατιώταις
νῦν φρουροῦσι σχῇ ἀποχρήσασθαι. Οἱ δὲ τοῦτο ταχέως
ἐποίησαν, οἰόμενοι τῶν χωρίων κύριοι ἔσεσθαι. Ὁ δὲ Κότυς
30 τοὺς ἀποσταλέντας εἰς φυλακὴν ποιήσας τὰ χρήματα
αὐτοὺς ἐκέλευσεν ἀποσταλέντας, ἃ ἐδανείζετο παρ' αὐτῶν,
κομίσασθαι.
Μέντωρ Ῥόδιος Ἑρμείαν συλλαβὼν καὶ τὰ χωρία αὐτοῦ
κατασχὼν τοὺς ἐπιμελητὰς εἴασε κατὰ χώραν τοὺς ὑπὸ
35 τοῦ Ἑρμείου καθεστηκότας. Ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐθάρρησάν τε ἅπαντες
καί, εἴ τί ποτ' ἦν αὐτοῖς ἀποκεκρυμμένον ἢ ὑπεκκείμενον,
μεθ' αὑτῶν εἶχον, συλλαβὼν αὐτοὺς πάντα παρείλετο ἃ εἶχον.
1Chabrias. the Athenian, advised Taus, king of Egypt, when he was starting on a warlike expedition and was in need of money, to say to the priests that owing to the expense some of the temples and the majority of the priests must be dispensed with. When the priests heard this, each wishing to 5retain their own temple, they privately offered him money. And when Taus had accepted money from all of them, Chabrias advised him to order them to expend a tenth part of the amount which they formerly spent on their temple ] and to lend the rest to him until the war against the king of Persia should come to an end. And he advised him to fix the necessary amount and 10demand a contribution from each household and likewise from each individual; and that, when corn was sold, the buyer and the seller should give an obol for each artabe over and above the price; and that he should demand the payment of a tenth part of the profits derived from shipping and manufactures and any other form of industry. And he advised him, when he was 15leaving the country on an ex pedition, to order that any unminted silver or gold which any one possessed should be brought to him: and when most people brought it, he advised him to make use ot it and to commend the lenders to the provincial governors so that they might repay them out of the taxes.
Iphicrates, the Athenian, when Cotys had collected an army, provided 20him with money in the following way. He advised him to order the men under his command to sow land for him with three medinmi of corn. The result of this was that a great quantity of corn was collected. Accordingly he brought it down to the markets and sold it, and thus gained an abundance of money.
Cotys, the Thracian, tried to borrow money from the as Peirinthians 25so that he might collect an army; but the Peirinthians refused to give him any. He therefore begged them at any rate to grant him some men from among their citizens to act as a garrison for certain strongholds, in order that he might make full use of the soldiers who were at present on duty there. To this request they promptly acceded, thinking that they would thus 30obtain possession of these strongholds. But Cotys threw into prison those who were sent and ordered the Peirinthians to recover them by sending him the money which he wished to borrow from them.
Mentor, the Rhodian, having arrested Hermeias and seized his estates, allowed the overseers whom Hermeias had appointed to retain their positions. But when they all felt 35secure and took steps to recover anything which had been hidden or deposited for safety elsewhere, he arrested them and deprived them of all they had.
Iphicrates, the Athenian, when Cotys had collected an army, provided 20him with money in the following way. He advised him to order the men under his command to sow land for him with three medinmi of corn. The result of this was that a great quantity of corn was collected. Accordingly he brought it down to the markets and sold it, and thus gained an abundance of money.
Cotys, the Thracian, tried to borrow money from the as Peirinthians 25so that he might collect an army; but the Peirinthians refused to give him any. He therefore begged them at any rate to grant him some men from among their citizens to act as a garrison for certain strongholds, in order that he might make full use of the soldiers who were at present on duty there. To this request they promptly acceded, thinking that they would thus 30obtain possession of these strongholds. But Cotys threw into prison those who were sent and ordered the Peirinthians to recover them by sending him the money which he wished to borrow from them.
Mentor, the Rhodian, having arrested Hermeias and seized his estates, allowed the overseers whom Hermeias had appointed to retain their positions. But when they all felt 35secure and took steps to recover anything which had been hidden or deposited for safety elsewhere, he arrested them and deprived them of all they had.
1351b
1 Μέμνων Ῥόδιος κυριεύσας Λαμψάκου δεηθεὶς
χρημάτων ἐπέγραψε τοῖς πλουσιωτάτοις αὐτῶν πλῆθός τι ἀργυρίου,
τούτοις δὲ τὴν κομιδὴν ἔσεσθαι παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων
πολιτῶν ἔφησεν. Ἐπεὶ δὲ οἱ ἄλλοι πολῖται εἰσήνεγκαν,
5 ἐκέλευσε καὶ ταῦτα αὑτῷ δανεῖσαι [ἐν χρόνῳ] διειπάμενος
ἐν ᾧ πάλιν αὐτοῖς ἀποδώσει. Πάλιν τε δεηθεὶς χρημάτων
ἠξίωσεν αὐτοὺς εἰσενέγκαι, κομίσασθαι δὲ ἐκ τῶν προσόδων·
οἳ δ' εἰσήνεγκαν ὡς διὰ ταχέων αὐτοῖς ἐσομένης τῆς κομιδῆς.
Ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ αἱ καταβολαὶ τῶν προσόδων παρῆσαν,
10 ἔφησεν ἐπ' αὐτῷ χρείαν εἶναι καὶ τούτων, ἐκείνοις δὲ ὕστερον
ἀποδώσειν σὺν τόκῳ. Τῶν τε στρατευομένων παρ' αὐτῷ
παρῃρεῖτο τὰς σιταρχίας καὶ τοὺς μισθοὺς ἓξ ἡμερῶν τὸν
ἐνιαυτόν, φάσκων ταύταις ταῖς ἡμέραις οὔτε φυλακὴν
αὐτοῖς οὐδεμίαν οὔτε πορείαν οὔτε δαπάνην ποιεῖσθαι, τὰς
15 ἐξαιρεσίμους λέγων. Τόν τε πρὸ τοῦ χρόνον διδοὺς τοῖς
στρατιώταις τῇ δευτέρᾳ τῆς νουμηνίας τὴν σιταρχίαν, τῷ μὲν
πρώτῳ μηνὶ παρέβη τρεῖς ἡμέρας, τῷ δ' ἐχομένῳ πέντε.
Τοῦτον δὲ τὸν τρόπον προῆγεν, ἕως εἰς τὴν τριακάδα ἦλθεν.
Χαρίδημος Ὠρείτης ἔχων τῆς Αἰολίδος τινὰ χωρία,
20 ἐπιστρατεύοντος ἐπ' αὐτὸν Ἀρταβάζου, χρημάτων ἐδεῖτο
εἰς τοὺς στρατιώτας. Τὸ μὲν οὖν πρῶτον εἰσέφερον αὐτῷ, εἶτα
οὐκέτι ἔφασαν ἔχειν. Ὁ δὲ Χαρίδημος, ὃ ᾤετο χωρίον εὐπορώτατον
εἶναι, ἐκέλευσεν [καὶ] εἴ τι νόμισμα ἔχουσιν ἤ τι
ἄλλο σκεῦος ἀξιόλογον, εἰς ἕτερον χωρίον ἀποστέλλειν, παραπομπὴν
25 δὲ δώσειν· ἅμα δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς τοῦτο ποιῶν φανερὸς
ἦν. Πεισθέντων δὲ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, προαγαγὼν αὐτοὺς
τῆς πόλεως μικρὸν καὶ ἐρευνήσας ἃ εἶχον, ἔλαβεν ὅσων
ἐδεῖτο, ἐκείνους δὲ πάλιν εἰς τὸ χωρίον ἀπῆγεν. Κήρυγμά
τε ποιησάμενος ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν ὧν ἦρχε, μηδένα μηδὲν
30 ὅπλον κεκτῆσθαι ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ, εἰ δὲ μή, ἀποτείσειν ἀργύριον
ὃ ἐπεκήρυξεν, ἠμέλει καὶ οὐδεμίαν ἐπιστροφὴν ἐποιεῖτο. Τῶν
δὲ ἀνθρώπων οἰομένων τὸ κήρυγμα μάτην αὐτὸν πεποιῆσθαι,
εἶχον ἃ ἔτυχον ἕκαστοι κεκτημένοι κατὰ χώραν. Ὃ δ'
ἔρευναν ἐξαίφνης ποιησάμενος τῶν οἰκιῶν, παρ' οἷς εὗρεν
35 ὅπλον τι, ἐπράττετο τὸ ἐπιτίμιον.
Φιλόξενός τις Μακεδὼν Καρίας σατραπεύων δεηθεὶς
χρημάτων Διονύσια ἔφασκε μέλλειν ἄγειν καὶ χοραγοὺς
1Memnon, the Rhodian, after making himself master of Lampsacus, was in need of money. He therefore exacted a heavy tribute from the richest citizens, telling them that they could collect it from the rest of the citizens. But when the latter had contributed, he ordered.them to lend him this sum as 5well, fixing a period within which he would pay them back.
On another occasion when he was in need of money, he demanded contributions from them, saying that they should be repaid out of the revenues. They therefore contributed, thinking that they would soon receive their money back. But when the time was at hand for the payment of the revenues, he told them that he needed 10these revenues as well, but would repay them later with interest.
He also excused himself from paying the rations and wages of those who were serving under him for six days in the year, declaring that on these days they had no watch to keep, no marching and no expenses, meaning the ' omitted ' days.:i As he was already giving the soldiers their rations on the second 15day of the new month, he thus passed over three days in the first month and five by the following month, and so he gradually gained on them till he reached a total of thirty days. Charidemus of Orus, who held certain places in Aeolia, when Artabazus was marching against him needed money to pay his soldiers. At first, then, the citizens gave him contributions, but afterwards 20they declared that they had nothing left to give. Charidemus then ordered the inhabitants of the place which he thought was richest to send away to another place any coin or other valuable treasure which they possessed, and he promised to give them an escort; at the same time it was clear that he himself was also removing his valuables. When they had obeyed him, he 25led them a little way outside the city and, after ex amining what they had, took all that he needed and sent them back again. He also made a proclamation in the cities over which he ruled that no one was to keep any arms in his house, the penalty for so doing being a fine which he specified. He then took no further action and paid no attention to the matter. The citizens, 30thinking that he had not meant the proclamation to be taken seriously, continued to keep the arms which they happened to possess. But Charidemus suddenly instituted a house to house search and exacted the fine from those in whose houses he found any arms.
A certain Philoxenus, a Macedonian who was satrap of Caria, being in need of money, said that he intended to 35celebrate the Dionysia, and he nominated the richest of the Carians to defray the cost of the choruses and gave directions as to what they had to supply.
On another occasion when he was in need of money, he demanded contributions from them, saying that they should be repaid out of the revenues. They therefore contributed, thinking that they would soon receive their money back. But when the time was at hand for the payment of the revenues, he told them that he needed 10these revenues as well, but would repay them later with interest.
He also excused himself from paying the rations and wages of those who were serving under him for six days in the year, declaring that on these days they had no watch to keep, no marching and no expenses, meaning the ' omitted ' days.:i As he was already giving the soldiers their rations on the second 15day of the new month, he thus passed over three days in the first month and five by the following month, and so he gradually gained on them till he reached a total of thirty days. Charidemus of Orus, who held certain places in Aeolia, when Artabazus was marching against him needed money to pay his soldiers. At first, then, the citizens gave him contributions, but afterwards 20they declared that they had nothing left to give. Charidemus then ordered the inhabitants of the place which he thought was richest to send away to another place any coin or other valuable treasure which they possessed, and he promised to give them an escort; at the same time it was clear that he himself was also removing his valuables. When they had obeyed him, he 25led them a little way outside the city and, after ex amining what they had, took all that he needed and sent them back again. He also made a proclamation in the cities over which he ruled that no one was to keep any arms in his house, the penalty for so doing being a fine which he specified. He then took no further action and paid no attention to the matter. The citizens, 30thinking that he had not meant the proclamation to be taken seriously, continued to keep the arms which they happened to possess. But Charidemus suddenly instituted a house to house search and exacted the fine from those in whose houses he found any arms.
A certain Philoxenus, a Macedonian who was satrap of Caria, being in need of money, said that he intended to 35celebrate the Dionysia, and he nominated the richest of the Carians to defray the cost of the choruses and gave directions as to what they had to supply.
1352a
1 προέγραψε τῶν Καρῶν τοὺς εὐπορωτάτους καὶ προσέταττεν
αὐτοῖς ἃ δεῖ παρασκευάζειν. Ὁρῶν δ' αὐτοὺς δυσχεραίνοντας
ὑποπέμπων τινὰς ἠρώτα τί βούλονται δόντες ἀπαλλαγῆναι
τῆς λειτουργίας. Οἳ δὲ πολλῷ πλέον ἢ ὅσον ᾤοντο
5 ἀναλώσειν ἔφασαν δώσειν τοῦ μὴ ὀχλεῖσθαι καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν
ἰδίων ἀπεῖναι. Ὃ δὲ παρὰ τούτων λαβὼν ὃ ἐδίδοσαν, ἑτέρους
κατέγραψεν, ἕως ἔλαβε παρὰ τοῦτο, ὃ ἠβούλετο, καὶ
προσόν. †παρ' ἑκάστης†
Εὐαίσης Σύρος Αἰγύπτου σατραπεύων, ἀφίστασθαι
10 μελλόντων τῶν νομαρχῶν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ αἰσθόμενος, καλέσας
αὐτοὺς εἰς τὰ βασίλεια ἐκρέμασεν ἅπαντας, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς
οἰκείους ἐκέλευσε λέγειν ὅτι ἐν φυλακῇ εἰσιν. Ἕκαστος οὖν
τῶν οἰκείων ἔπραττον ὑπὲρ ἑκάστου καὶ χρημάτων ἐξεωνοῦντο
τοὺς συνειλημμένους. Ὃ δὲ διομολογησάμενος ὑπὲρ ἑκάστου
15 καὶ λαβὼν τὰ ὁμολογηθέντα ἀπέδωκεν ἑκάστοις τὸν νεκρόν.
Κλεομένης Ἀλεξανδρεὺς Αἰγύπτου σατραπεύων, λιμοῦ
γενομένου ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις τόποις σφόδρα, ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ
δὲ μετρίως, ἀπέκλεισε τὴν ἐξαγωγὴν τοῦ σίτου. Τῶν δὲ νομαρχῶν
φασκόντων οὐ δυνήσεσθαι τοὺς φόρους ἀποδοῦναι τῷ
20 μὴ ἐξάγεσθαι τὸν σῖτον, ἐξαγωγὴν μὲν ἐποίησε, τέλος δὲ
πολὺ τῷ σίτῳ ἐπέβαλεν, ὥστε συνέβαινεν αὐτῷ εἰ μὴ <...> ἐξαγομένου
ὀλίγου πολὺ τέλος λαμβάνειν, αὐτούς τε [νομάρχας]
πεπαῦσθαι τῆς προφάσεως. Διαπλέοντος δ' αὐτοῦ τὸν νομόν,
οὗ ἐστι θεὸς ὁ κροκόδειλος, ἡρπάσθη τις τῶν παίδων αὐτοῦ.
25 Καλέσας οὖν τοὺς ἱερεῖς ἔφη πρότερος ἀδικηθεὶς ἀμύνεσθαι
τοὺς κροκοδείλους, καὶ προσέταξε θηρεύειν αὐτούς. Οἱ δὲ ἱερεῖς,
ἵνα μὴ ὁ θεὸς αὐτῶν καταφρονηθῇ, συναγαγόντες ὅσον
ἠδύναντο χρυσίον ἔδοσαν αὐτῷ καὶ οὕτως ἐπαύσατο. Ἀλεξάνδρου
<τε> τοῦ βασιλέως ἐντειλαμένου αὐτῷ οἰκίσαι πόλιν
30 πρὸς τῇ Φάρῳ καὶ τὸ ἐμπόριον τὸ πρότερον ὂν ἐπὶ τοῦ Κανώβου
ἐνταῦθα ποιῆσαι, καταπλεύσας εἰς τὸν Κάνωβον πρὸς
τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τοὺς κτήματα ἔχοντας ἐκεῖ ἐπὶ τούτῳ ἥκειν
ἔφη ὥστε μετοικίσαι αὐτούς. Οἱ <δὲ> ἱερεῖς καὶ οἱ κάτοικοι
εἰσενέγκαντες χρήματα ἔδωκαν ἵν' ἐᾷ κατὰ χώραν αὐτοῖς
35 τὸ ἐμπόριον. Ὃ δὲ λαβὼν τότε μὲν ἀπηλλάγη, εἶτα δὲ
καταπλεύσας, ἐπεὶ ἦν εὐτρεπῆ αὐτῷ τὰ πρὸς τὴν οἰκοδομίαν,
1But seeing that they were annoyed, he sent to them secretly and asked them what they were willing to give to be released from serving. They declared their readiness to give considerably more than they thought it would cost them, in order to be freed from the 5trouble and the neglect of their private affairs which it would entail. Philoxenus accepted what they offered and put others on the list, until he received from them what he wanted and what each could spare.
Evaeses, the Syrian, being satrap of Egypt, discovering that the provincial governors were on the point of revolting from him, 10summoned them to the palace and hanged them all, and ordered that their relatives should be told that they were in prison. Their relatives therefore severally began to negotiate on their behalf and tried to buy the release of the captives. Evaeses made an agreement in each case and, after receiving the sums for which he had 15stipulated, restored them to their relatives — dead.
Cleomenes, an Alexandrian who was satrap of Egypt, when there was a severe famine everywhere else while Egypt was less seriously affected, forbade the export of corn, and when the provincial governors declared that they would not be able to pay the tribute because corn could 20not be exported, he cancelled the prohibition, but put a heavy tax on the corn. The result was that, if he did not succeed in getting a large tax at the cost of a small exportation, at least the provincial governors lost their excuse.
As he was sailing through the district in which the crocodile is regarded as a deity, one of 25his slaves was carried off. He therefore summoned the priests and told them that since he had been injured without provocation he intended to take vengeance on the crocodiles, and gave orders to hunt them. The priests, in order that their god might not be affronted, collected all the gold that they possessed and presented it to 30him, with the result that he desisted.
When king Alexander commanded him to found a city near the Pharos and to establish there the mart which was formerly held at Canopus, he sailed to Canopus and told the priests and the owners of property there that he had come to transfer them. The priests and inhabitants collected and gave 35him a sum of money to induce him to leave their mart undisturbed.
Evaeses, the Syrian, being satrap of Egypt, discovering that the provincial governors were on the point of revolting from him, 10summoned them to the palace and hanged them all, and ordered that their relatives should be told that they were in prison. Their relatives therefore severally began to negotiate on their behalf and tried to buy the release of the captives. Evaeses made an agreement in each case and, after receiving the sums for which he had 15stipulated, restored them to their relatives — dead.
Cleomenes, an Alexandrian who was satrap of Egypt, when there was a severe famine everywhere else while Egypt was less seriously affected, forbade the export of corn, and when the provincial governors declared that they would not be able to pay the tribute because corn could 20not be exported, he cancelled the prohibition, but put a heavy tax on the corn. The result was that, if he did not succeed in getting a large tax at the cost of a small exportation, at least the provincial governors lost their excuse.
As he was sailing through the district in which the crocodile is regarded as a deity, one of 25his slaves was carried off. He therefore summoned the priests and told them that since he had been injured without provocation he intended to take vengeance on the crocodiles, and gave orders to hunt them. The priests, in order that their god might not be affronted, collected all the gold that they possessed and presented it to 30him, with the result that he desisted.
When king Alexander commanded him to found a city near the Pharos and to establish there the mart which was formerly held at Canopus, he sailed to Canopus and told the priests and the owners of property there that he had come to transfer them. The priests and inhabitants collected and gave 35him a sum of money to induce him to leave their mart undisturbed.
1352b
1 ᾔτει αὐτοὺς χρήματα ὑπερβάλλων τῷ πλήθει·
τοῦτο γὰρ αὐτῷ τὸ διάφορον εἶναι, τὸ αὐτοῦ εἶναι τὸ ἐμπόριον
καὶ μὴ ἐκεῖ. Ἐπεὶ δ' οὐκ ἂν ἔφασαν δύνασθαι δοῦναι, μετῴκισεν
αὐτούς. Ἀποστείλας τέ τινα ἐπ' ἀγοράσματα καὶ αἰσθόμενος
5 ὅτι εὐώνων ἐπιτετύχηκεν, αὐτῷ δὲ μέλλει ἐκτετιμημένα
λογίζεσθαι, πρὸς τοὺς συνήθεις τοῦ ἀγοραστοῦ ἔλεγεν
ὅτι ἀκηκοὼς εἴη τὰ ἀγοράσματα αὐτὸν ὑπερτίμια ἠγορακέναι·
αὐτὸς οὖν [οὐ] προσέξειν· καὶ ἅμα τὴν ἀβελτερίαν αὐτοῦ ἐλοιδόρει
μετ' ὀργῆς προσποιητοῦ. Οἳ δὲ ταῦτα ἀκούοντες οὐκ
10 ἔφασαν δεῖν πιστεύειν αὐτὸν τοῖς λέγουσί τι κατ' ἐκείνου, ἕως
αὐτὸς παραγενόμενος τὸν λόγον αὐτῷ δῷ. Ἀφικομένου δὲ
τοῦ ἀγοραστοῦ ἀπήγγειλαν αὐτῷ τὰ παρὰ τοῦ Κλεομένους· ὃ
δ' ἐκείνοις τε βουλόμενος ἐνδείξασθαι καὶ τῷ Κλεομένει, ἀνήνεγκε
τὰς τιμὰς ὧνπερ ἦν ἠγορακώς. Τοῦ τε σίτου πωλουμένου
15 ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ δεκαδράχμου, καλέσας τοὺς ἐργαζομένους ἠρώτησε
πῶς βούλονται αὑτῷ ἐργάζεσθαι· οἳ δ' ἔφασαν ἐλάττονος
ἢ ὅσου ἂν τοῖς ἐμπόροις ἐπώλουν. Ὃ δ' ἐκείνους μὲν ἐκέλευσεν
αὑτῷ παραδιδόναι ὅσουπερ ἐπώλουν τοῖς ἄλλοις, αὐτὸς
δὲ τάξας τριάκοντα καὶ δύο δραχμὰς τοῦ σίτου τιμὴν
20 οὕτως ἐπώλει. Τούς τε ἱερεῖς καλέσας ἔφησε πολὺ τὸ ἀνάλωμα ἐν
τῇ χώρᾳ γίνεσθαι εἰς τὰ ἱερά· δεῖν οὖν καὶ τῶν ἱερῶν τινα
καὶ τῶν ἱερέων τὸ πλῆθος καταλυθῆναι. Οἱ δὲ ἱερεῖς καὶ
ἰδίᾳ ἕκαστος καὶ κοινῇ τὰ ἱερὰ χρήματα ἐδίδοσαν, οἰόμενοί
τε αὐτὸν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ τοῦτο ποιεῖν, καὶ ἕκαστος βουλόμενος
25 τό τε ἱερὸν τὸ αὑτοῦ εἶναι κατὰ χώραν καὐτὸς ἱερεύς.
Ἀντιμένης Ῥόδιος ἡμιόλιος, γενομένου Ἀλεξάνδρου
περὶ Βαβυλῶνα, ἐπόρισε χρήματα ὧδε. Νόμου ὄντος ἐν Βαβυλωνίᾳ
παλαιοῦ δεκάτην εἶναι τῶν εἰσαγομένων, χρωμένου δὲ
αὐτῷ οὐθενός, τηρήσας τούς τε σατράπας ἅπαντας προσδοκίμους
30 ὄντας καὶ στρατιώτας οὐκ ὀλίγους [τε] καὶ πρέσβεις
καὶ τεχνίτας †κλητοὺς ἄλλους τοὺς ἄγοντας† καὶ ἰδίᾳ ἀποδημοῦντας,
καὶ δῶρα πολλὰ ἀναγόμενα, τὴν δεκάτην ἔπραττε
κατὰ τὸν νόμον τὸν κείμενον. Πάλιν τε πορίζων τἀνδράποδα τὰ ἐπὶ
στρατοπέδῳ ὄντα ἐκέλευσε τὸν βουλόμενον ἀπογράφεσθαι
35 ὁπόσου θέλει, τελεῖν δὲ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ὀκτὼ δραχμάς †ἀποτίσαι†,
ἂν δὲ ἀποδρᾷ τὸ ἀνδράποδον, κομίζεσθαι τὴν τιμὴν
1This he accepted and for the moment left them alone, but afterwards, when he had the material for building ready, he sailed to Canopus and demanded an excessive amount of money from them, which he ' said represented the difference to him between having the mart near the Pharos and at Canopus. 5And when they said that they would not be able to give him the money he made them move their city.
And when he had sent some one to make a purchase and discovered that his messenger had got what he wanted cheaply but intended to charge him an excessive price, he told the friends of the purchaser that he had heard that he had made his purchases at an excessive price 10and therefore he should not pay any attention to him; at the same time with assumed wrath he railed against his stupidity. When they heard this they told Cleomenes that he ought not to believe those who spoke against the messenger until he came himself and rendered his account. When the pur chaser arrived they told him what Cleomenes had said; and he, wishing to 15make a good impression on them and on Cleomenes, submitted the prices at which he had actually bought the goods.
When corn was being sold in the country at ten drachmae, i. she summoned the dealers and asked them at what price they would do business with him. They named a lower price than that at which they were selling to the merchants. However, he ordered them x 20to hand over their corn at the same price as they were selling to every one else; and fixing the price of corn at thirty-two drachmae he then sold it himself.
He also called the priests together and told them that the expenditure on the temples in the country was excessive; consequently some of the temples and the majority of the priests must be abolished. The priests 25individually and collectively gave him the sacred treasures, thinking that he really intended to carry out his threat and because each wished that his own temple should be undisturbed and himself continue to be priest.
Antimenes, the Rhodian, being put by Alexander in charge of the roads round Babylon, raised money in the following way. An ancient law existed in 30Babylonia that anything which was brought into the country should pay a duty of ten per cent., but no one ever enforced it. Antimenes, waiting till all the satraps and armies were expected and no small number of ambassadors and craftsmen summoned from abroad, bringing others with them, and persons travelling on their own private affairs, and many gifts were being 35brought in, exacted the ten per cent, duty according to the existing law.
And when he had sent some one to make a purchase and discovered that his messenger had got what he wanted cheaply but intended to charge him an excessive price, he told the friends of the purchaser that he had heard that he had made his purchases at an excessive price 10and therefore he should not pay any attention to him; at the same time with assumed wrath he railed against his stupidity. When they heard this they told Cleomenes that he ought not to believe those who spoke against the messenger until he came himself and rendered his account. When the pur chaser arrived they told him what Cleomenes had said; and he, wishing to 15make a good impression on them and on Cleomenes, submitted the prices at which he had actually bought the goods.
When corn was being sold in the country at ten drachmae, i. she summoned the dealers and asked them at what price they would do business with him. They named a lower price than that at which they were selling to the merchants. However, he ordered them x 20to hand over their corn at the same price as they were selling to every one else; and fixing the price of corn at thirty-two drachmae he then sold it himself.
He also called the priests together and told them that the expenditure on the temples in the country was excessive; consequently some of the temples and the majority of the priests must be abolished. The priests 25individually and collectively gave him the sacred treasures, thinking that he really intended to carry out his threat and because each wished that his own temple should be undisturbed and himself continue to be priest.
Antimenes, the Rhodian, being put by Alexander in charge of the roads round Babylon, raised money in the following way. An ancient law existed in 30Babylonia that anything which was brought into the country should pay a duty of ten per cent., but no one ever enforced it. Antimenes, waiting till all the satraps and armies were expected and no small number of ambassadors and craftsmen summoned from abroad, bringing others with them, and persons travelling on their own private affairs, and many gifts were being 35brought in, exacted the ten per cent, duty according to the existing law.
1353a
1 ἧς ἀνεγράψατο. Ἀπογραφέντων οὖν πολλῶν ἀνδραπόδων
οὐκ ὀλίγον συνετέλει ἀργύριον. Εἰ δέ τι ἀποδραίη ἀνδράποδον,
ἐκέλευε τὸν σατράπην τῆς <...> ἐν ᾗ ἐστι τὸ στρατόπεδον,
ἀνασῴζειν <ἢ> τὴν τιμὴν τῷ κυρίῳ ἀποδοῦναι.
5 Ὀφέλας Ὀλύνθιος καταστήσας ἐπιμελητὴν εἰς τὸν νομὸν
τὸν Ἀθριβίτην, ἐπεὶ προσελθόντες αὐτῷ οἱ νομάρχαι
οἱ ἐκ τοῦ τόπου τούτου ἔφασαν βούλεσθαι πλείω αὐτοὶ πολὺ
φέρειν, τὸν δ' ἐπιμελητὴν τὸν νῦν καθεστηκότα ἀπαλλάξαι
αὐτὸν ἠξίουν, ἐπερωτήσας αὐτοὺς εἰ δυνήσονται συντελεῖν
10 ἅπερ ἐπαγγέλλονται, φησάντων αὐτῶν, τὸν μὲν ἐπιμελητὴν
κατὰ χώραν εἴα, τοὺς δὲ φόρους πράττεσθαι ἐκέλευεν οὓς αὐτοὶ
ὑπετιμήσαντο. Οὔτε οὖν ὃν κατέστησεν ἀτιμάσαι ἐδόκει
οὔτ' ἐκείνοις πλείους φόρους ἐπιβαλεῖν ἢ αὐτοὶ ἐτάξαντο,
χρήματα δὲ πολλαπλάσια αὐτὸς ἐλάμβανεν.
15 Πυθοκλῆς Ἀθηναῖος Ἀθηναίοις συνεβούλευσε τὸν μόλυβδον
τὸν ἐκ τῶν Λαυρείων παραλαμβάνειν παρὰ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν
τὴν πόλιν, ὥσπερ ἐπώλουν, δίδραχμον, εἶτα τάξαντας
αὐτοὺς τιμὴν ἑξαδράχμου οὕτω πωλεῖν.
Χαβρίας· πληρωμάτων τε κατειλεγμένων εἰς ἑκατὸν
20 καὶ εἴκοσι ναῦς, τῷ δὲ Ταῲ ἑξήκοντα μόνον οὐσῶν χρείας,
προστάξαι τοῖς ἐκ τῶν ἑξήκοντα νεῶν αὐτοῦ τῶν ὑπομενουσῶν
τοὺς πλέοντας εἰς δίμηνον σιτηρεσιάσαι ἢ αὐτοὺς πλέειν.
Οἳ δὲ βουλόμενοι ἐπὶ τῶν ἰδίων εἶναι ἔδωκαν ἃ προσέταξεν.
Ἀντιμένης· τούς τε θησαυροὺς τοὺς παρὰ τὰς ὁδοὺς τὰς
25 βασιλικὰς ἀναπληροῦν ἐκέλευε τοὺς σατράπας κατὰ τὸν νόμον
τὸν τῆς χώρας· ὁπότε δὲ διαπορεύοιτο στρατόπεδον ἢ
ἕτερος ὄχλος ἄνευ τοῦ βασιλέως, πέμψας τινὰ παρ' αὑτοῦ
ἐπώλει τὰ ἐκ τῶν θησαυρῶν.
1On another occasion, when providing the slaves who were to serve in the army, he commanded that any owner who wished should register the value which he put upon them, and they were to pay eight drachmae a year; if the slave ran away the owner was to receive the price which he had registered. Many slaves being 5registered, he amassed a considerable sum of money. And whenever any slave ran away he ordered the satrap of the country in which the camp was situated to recover the runaway or else to pay the price to the owner.
Ophelas, the Olynthian, having appointed a superintendent over the province of Athribis, when the provincial governors of that district came to him and expressed their willingness 10to pay of their own accord a much larger sum and begged him to dismiss the superintendent whom he had just appointed, asked them if they would be able to pay what they promised; when they answered in the affirmative he left the superintendent at his post and bade him exact the amount of tribute which they themselves had assessed. Thus he did not think it right either to degrade the official 15whom he had appointed or to impose a heavier tribute upon them than they themselves had fixed, but at the same time he himself received a far larger amount of money.
Pythocles, the Athenian, recommended to the Athenians that the state should take the lead from the mines at Laurium out of private hands at the market price of two drachmae and that they should then themselves fix the price at 20six drachmae and so sell it.
Chabrias, when crews had been enrolled for a hundred and twenty ships and Taus only needed sixty, ordered the crews of the sixty ships which remained behind to supply those who sailed with two months' provisions, or else to sail themselves. They, wishing to attend to their own affairs, complied with his demand.
Antimenes ordered the satraps to keep the storehouses 25filled along the royal roads according to the custom of the country; but whenever an army or any other body of men unaccompanied by the king passed along, he used to send one of his own men and sell the contents of the storehouses.
Ophelas, the Olynthian, having appointed a superintendent over the province of Athribis, when the provincial governors of that district came to him and expressed their willingness 10to pay of their own accord a much larger sum and begged him to dismiss the superintendent whom he had just appointed, asked them if they would be able to pay what they promised; when they answered in the affirmative he left the superintendent at his post and bade him exact the amount of tribute which they themselves had assessed. Thus he did not think it right either to degrade the official 15whom he had appointed or to impose a heavier tribute upon them than they themselves had fixed, but at the same time he himself received a far larger amount of money.
Pythocles, the Athenian, recommended to the Athenians that the state should take the lead from the mines at Laurium out of private hands at the market price of two drachmae and that they should then themselves fix the price at 20six drachmae and so sell it.
Chabrias, when crews had been enrolled for a hundred and twenty ships and Taus only needed sixty, ordered the crews of the sixty ships which remained behind to supply those who sailed with two months' provisions, or else to sail themselves. They, wishing to attend to their own affairs, complied with his demand.
Antimenes ordered the satraps to keep the storehouses 25filled along the royal roads according to the custom of the country; but whenever an army or any other body of men unaccompanied by the king passed along, he used to send one of his own men and sell the contents of the storehouses.
1353b
1 Κλεομένης· προσπορευομένης τε τῆς νουμηνίας καὶ
δέον τοῖς στρατιώταις σιταρχίαν δοῦναι, κατέπλευσεν ἐξεπίτηδες·
προπορευομένου δὲ τοῦ μηνὸς ἀναπλεύσας διέδωκε τὴν
σιταρχίαν, εἶτα τοῦ εἰσιόντος μηνὸς διέλιπεν ἕως τῆς νουμηνίας.
5 Οἱ μὲν οὖν στρατιῶται διὰ τὸ νεωστὶ εἰληφέναι τὴν σιταρχίαν
ἡσυχίαν εἶχον, ἐκεῖνος δὲ παραλλάξας ἕνα μῆνα παρὰ
τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν †ἀφῄρει μισθὸν ἀεὶ μηνός†.
†Σταβέλβιος ὁ Μυσῶν στρατιώταις μισθὸν συγκαλέσας†
ἔφησεν αὑτῷ τῶν μὲν ἰδιωτῶν οὐδεμίαν χρείαν εἶναι, τῶν δὲ
10 ἡγεμόνων, ὅταν <δὲ> δέηται στρατιωτῶν, ἐκείνων ἑκάστῳ
δοὺς ἀργύριον ἀποστέλλειν ἐπὶ ξενολογίαν, τούς τε μισθοὺς
οὓς δεῖ ἐκείνοις δοῦναι, τοῖς ἡγεμόσιν ἂν ἥδιον διδόναι· ἐκέλευσεν
οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀποστέλλειν ἕκαστον τοὺς αὑτῶν καταλόγους
ἐκ τῆς χώρας. Τῶν δὲ ἡγεμόνων ὑπολαβόντων χρηματιςμὸν
15 αὑτοῖς ἔσεσθαι, ἀπέστειλαν τοὺς στρατιώτας, καθάπερ
ἐκεῖνος προσέταξε. Διαλιπὼν δὲ ὀλίγον χρόνον καὶ συναγαγὼν
αὐτοὺς οὔτε αὐλητὴν ἄνευ χοροῦ οὔτε ἡγεμόνας ἄνευ ἰδιωτῶν
οὐδὲν ἔφη χρησίμους εἶναι· ἐκέλευεν οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀπαλλάττεσθαι
ἐκ τῆς χώρας.
20 Διονύσιος· τά <τε> ἱερὰ περιπορευόμενος, εἰ μὲν τράπεζαν
ἴδοι παρακειμένην χρυσῆν ἢ ἀργυρᾶν, ἀγαθοῦ δαίμονος κελεύσας
ἐγχέαι ἐκέλευεν ἀφαιρεῖν· ὅσα δὲ τῶν ἀγαλμάτων
φιάλην εἶχε προτετακότα, εἴπας ἂν ὅτι δέχομαι, ἐξαιρεῖν
ἐκέλευε, [τὰ ἱμάτια] τά τε χρυσᾶ [καὶ τοὺς στεφάνους] περιῄρει
25 τῶν ἀγαλμάτων φάσκων αὐτὸς καὶ κουφότερα καὶ
εὐωδέστερα δοῦναι· εἶτα ἱμάτια μὲν λευκά, στεφάνους δὲ
λευκίνους περιετίθει.
1Cleomenes, when the first day of the month was approaching and he had to give his soldiers their rations, purposely put back into harbour, and when the new month was approaching he put out again and distributed the rations; he then left an interval from the beginning of the month until 5the first day of the next month. The soldiers, therefore, because they had recently received their rations, kept quiet; and Cleomenes by passing over a month deprived them of a month's pay in each year.
Stabelbius, general of the Mysians, when he owed his soldiers pay, called the officers together and told them that he had no need of private soldiers but only 10of officers, and that, when he did need soldiers, he gave each officer a sum of money and sent him out to collect mercenaries, and that he would rather give the officers the pay which ought to go to the soldiers. He therefore ordered them each to send away their own levies out of the country. The officers, thinking that it would be an opportunity to make money, 15dismissed the soldiers in accordance with his commands. But after a short interval he collected the officers together and told them that just as a flute player was no use without a chorus, so too officers were useless without private soldiers; he therefore ordered them to leave the country.
Dionysius, when he was making a round of the temples, whenever he 20saw a gold or silver table displayed, ordered that a libation should be poured out 'to good luck ' and that the table should be carried off; and whenever he saw amongst the statues one which held out a wine cup, he would say, ' I accept your pledge ', and order the statue to be carried away. And he used to strip the raiment of gold and crowns of silver from 25the statues, saying that he would give them others lighter and more fragrant; he then clad them with white garments and crowns of white violets.
Stabelbius, general of the Mysians, when he owed his soldiers pay, called the officers together and told them that he had no need of private soldiers but only 10of officers, and that, when he did need soldiers, he gave each officer a sum of money and sent him out to collect mercenaries, and that he would rather give the officers the pay which ought to go to the soldiers. He therefore ordered them each to send away their own levies out of the country. The officers, thinking that it would be an opportunity to make money, 15dismissed the soldiers in accordance with his commands. But after a short interval he collected the officers together and told them that just as a flute player was no use without a chorus, so too officers were useless without private soldiers; he therefore ordered them to leave the country.
Dionysius, when he was making a round of the temples, whenever he 20saw a gold or silver table displayed, ordered that a libation should be poured out 'to good luck ' and that the table should be carried off; and whenever he saw amongst the statues one which held out a wine cup, he would say, ' I accept your pledge ', and order the statue to be carried away. And he used to strip the raiment of gold and crowns of silver from 25the statues, saying that he would give them others lighter and more fragrant; he then clad them with white garments and crowns of white violets.