Places

A gazetteer for the Iliad and Odyssey. Each entry cites its anchoring passage(s); these curated citations are not an exhaustive concordance.

1. A

2. Abydos

   Ἄβυδος certain

   City on the Asian shore of the Hellespont, the narrowest crossing point; home of Trojan allies under Asius.

   Pleiades Il. 2.836

3. Adrasteia

   Ἀδρήστεια traditional

   Troad-Propontis town giving its name to the plain of Adrasteia and, later, to the epithet of Nemesis/Adrasteia.

   Tradition: Plain and town near modern Karacabey/Erdek area, southern Propontis coast (Strabo 13.1.13)

   Il. 2.828

4. Aeaea

   Αἰαίη traditional

   Island of the enchantress Circe, who transforms Odysseus's men into swine. Roman-era tradition (Theophrastus HP 5.8.3; later Latin poets) locates it at Monte Circeo on the Italian coast.

   Tradition: Monte Circeo (ancient Circeii), Italy (Theophrastus HP 5.8.3; Roman literary tradition)

   Pleiades Od. 10.135

5. Aegialus (Achaea)

   Αἰγιαλός certain

   "The coastland": Homer's name for the whole Corinthian Gulf shore later called Achaea.

   Il. 2.575

6. Aegialus (Paphlagonia)

   Αἰγιαλός speculative

   "The coastland" of Paphlagonia; a generic descriptive name shared with the Achaean-side Aegialus (Il. 2.575).

   Tradition: Paphlagonian coast, 'the shoreland,' homonymous with the Achaean Aegialus in this Catalogue; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

   Il. 2.855

7. Aegilips

   Αἰγίλιψ speculative

   "Rugged" place in Odysseus's kingdom that Strabo could not identify with confidence.

   Tradition: Cephallenian/Ithacan territory, exact site unknown (Strabo 10.2.10); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

   Il. 2.633

8. Aegina

   Αἴγινα certain

   Saronic Gulf island-city; modern Aegina preserves the name over the ancient site.

   Il. 2.562

9. Aegium

   Αἴγιον certain

   Chief city of Achaea, meeting-place of the Achaean League; modern Aigio occupies the ancient site.

   Il. 2.574

10. Aeolia

    Αἰολίη traditional

    Floating island home of Aeolus, keeper of the winds, who gives Odysseus the bag of storm-winds. Ancient tradition (Thucydides 3.88) identifies it with the Aeolian (Lipari) Islands.

    Tradition: Aeolian/Lipari Islands off Sicily (Thucydides 3.88)

    Od. 10.1

11. Aesepus (river)

    Αἴσηπος certain

    River of the northern Troad flowing from Ida past Zeleia; the modern Gönen Çayı.

    Il. 2.825

12. Aethices

    Αἴθικες speculative

    Mountain people on Thessaly's western fringe, near the Perrhaebians and Pindus; territory only vaguely fixed.

    Tradition: A people/district on the western Thessalian-Epirote border, near Mt Pindus, exact bounds unknown (Strabo 9.5.11); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.744

13. Aetolia

    Αἰτωλοί certain

    Region of west-central Greece around Calydon; named as the homeland of the man who tricks Eumaeus's false Cretan into a lie about Odysseus.

    Od. 14.379Il. 2.638

14. Aipy

    Αἰπύ speculative

    "Steep" town in Triphylian territory; Strabo notes only the descriptive name, not a firm site.

    Tradition: Triphylia, 'the steep town,' exact site unknown (Strabo 8.3.24); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.592

15. Alesium

    Ἀλήσιον speculative

    Elean landmark Strabo tentatively connects with a hill called Alesiaeum; unconfirmed.

    Tradition: Elis, possibly a hill near Amphidolis, exact site unknown (Strabo 8.3.10); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.617

16. Alope

    Ἀλόπη speculative

    Small Achaea Phthiotis town grouped with Alus and Trachis; unlocated precisely.

    Tradition: Achaea Phthiotis, near Alus, exact site unknown (Strabo 9.5.8); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.682

17. Alus

    Ἄλος traditional

    Achaea Phthiotis town near the Malian Gulf; site associated with modern Almyros/Halos.

    Tradition: Thessalian coastal town near modern Almyros, on the Malian Gulf road (Strabo 9.5.8)

    Il. 2.682

18. Alybe

    Ἀλύβη speculative

    Named only for its silver; ancient scholarship already treated its location as an open, much-debated problem.

    Tradition: "Birthplace of silver": among the most famously unlocated Homeric place-names, disputed since antiquity (Strabo 12.3.20-27)

    Il. 2.857

19. Amphigeneia

    Ἀμφιγένεια speculative

    Triphylian town with a sanctuary of Leto per Strabo; precise site unconfirmed.

    Tradition: Triphylia, near the Hypsoeis river, exact site unknown (Strabo 8.3.25); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.593

20. Amyclae

    Ἀμύκλαι certain

    Excavated sanctuary of Apollo south of Sparta; the pre-Dorian settlement absorbed into Lacedaemon.

    Il. 2.584

21. Amydon

    Ἀμυδών speculative

    Paeonian city on the Axius, already legendary/vanished by the time of later Greek geography.

    Tradition: Paeonia, on the lower Axius, said destroyed before historical times (Strabo 12.3.20, fr.); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.849

22. Anemoreia

    Ἀνεμώρεια speculative

    "Windy" Phocian settlement Strabo says was later renamed Anemolea; precise site unconfirmed.

    Tradition: Windy pass site near Delphi, later called Anemolea per Strabo 9.3.15; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.521

23. Anthedon

    Ἀνθηδών traditional

    "Farthest-lying" Boeotian coastal town facing Euboea; site located near modern Loukisia.

    Tradition: Coastal site near modern Loukisia, East Boeotia (Strabo 9.2.13; Paus. 9.22.5)

    Il. 2.508

24. Antron

    Ἄντρων traditional

    Coastal Achaea Phthiotis town facing Euboea across the strait; approximate site near modern Glypha.

    Tradition: Achaea Phthiotis coast opposite Euboea, near modern Glypha (Strabo 9.5.14)

    Il. 2.697

25. Apaesus

    Ἄπαισος speculative

    Small Propontis-coast town Strabo says was later called Paesus; precise site unconfirmed.

    Tradition: Propontis coast near Adrasteia, later renamed Paesus/Apaesus, exact site unknown (Strabo 13.1.19); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.828

26. Araethyrea

    Ἀραιθυρέη speculative

    "Lovely" district Strabo identifies with the later city of Phlius; precise Homeric-era site unconfirmed.

    Tradition: Sicyonian territory, later called Phlius per Strabo 8.6.24; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.571

27. Arene

    Ἀρήνη speculative

    Town Strabo could not confidently place, near the Minyeius in Triphylia; disputed since antiquity.

    Tradition: Messenia/Triphylia, near the Minyeius river, exact site disputed (Strabo 8.3.19); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.591

28. Argissa

    Ἄργισσα traditional

    Lapith town on the Peneius near later Larissa; Strabo notes some identified it with Argura.

    Tradition: On the Peneius, near modern Larissa, Thessaly, sometimes identified with Argura (Strabo 9.5.19)

    Il. 2.738

29. Argos

    Ἄργος certain

    City of the Argolid; Homer also uses 'Argos' loosely for the wider Peloponnese/Achaea, a usage noted since antiquity.

    Pleiades Od. 4.174Il. 2.559

30. Arisbe

    Ἀρίσβη traditional

    Asius's home city on the Propontis coast, colonized in tradition from Mytilene.

    Tradition: Propontis coast near modern Musaköy, between Abydos and Lampsacus (Strabo 13.1.21)

    Il. 2.836

31. Arne

    Ἄρνη speculative

    Boeotian city Strabo says may have been swallowed by Lake Copais; identification disputed since antiquity.

    Tradition: Possibly submerged under Lake Copais or identified with Acraephnium (Strabo 9.2.34-35); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.507

32. Ascania (Phrygia)

    Ἀσκανίη traditional

    District named for a lake in northwest Phrygia/Bithynia, generally identified with modern Lake İznik.

    Tradition: Region around Lake Ascania in northwest Phrygia, modern Lake İznik (Strabo 12.4.5, 14.5.29)

    Il. 2.863

33. Asine

    Ἀσίνη certain

    Excavated Argolid coastal town near modern Tolo/Asini; Swedish excavations from 1922.

    Il. 2.560

34. Aspledon

    Ἀσπληδών traditional

    Minyan town paired with Orchomenus; Strabo places it a short distance north of Orchomenus.

    Tradition: Near modern Pyrgos, north of Orchomenus, Boeotia (Strabo 9.2.26)

    Il. 2.511

35. Asterium

    Ἀστέριον speculative

    Thessalian town Strabo pairs with the white-peaked Titanus; unlocated precisely.

    Tradition: Thessaly, near Mt Titanus, exact site unknown (Strabo 9.5.18); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.735

36. Athens

    Ἀθῆναι certain

    City of Attica, Athena's own city, visited by the goddess herself in the Odyssey.

    Pleiades Od. 7.80Od. 11.323Il. 2.546

37. Augeiae (Laconia)

    Αὐγειαί speculative

    Laconian town of the same name as one in East Locris; unlocated.

    Tradition: Laconia, exact site unknown, distinct from the Locrian Augeiae; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.583

38. Augeiae (Locris)

    Αὐγειαί speculative

    Locrian town of the same name as one in Laconia; vanished by Strabo's day, unlocated.

    Tradition: East Locris, exact site unknown, distinct from the Laconian Augeiae; already lost by Strabo's time (9.4.5); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.532

39. Aulis

    Αὐλίς certain

    Boeotian harbor where the Achaean fleet gathered before Troy; site of the portent Odysseus recalls.

    Pleiades Il. 2.303Il. 2.496

40. Axius (river)

    Ἀξιός certain

    Major Macedonian river reaching the Thermaic Gulf; the modern Vardar.

    Il. 2.849

41. B

42. Batieia

    Βατίεια speculative

    A mound before Troy that men call Batieia but the gods call the barrow of swift Myrina (Iliad 2.811-814); a real narrated landmark within the story, not merely mythical, but its physical site is not securely identified.

    Tradition: A tumulus on the Trojan plain, one of several (with the tombs of Ilus and Aesyetes) discussed in Troad topography since Strabo (13.1.36-37); no ancient or modern survey (e.g. Leaf, Troy: A Study in Homeric Geography, 1912) securely matches a surviving mound to Batieia.

    Il. 2.813–814

43. Bessa

    Βῆσσα speculative

    "Wooded glen" Locrian town, likewise vanished by antiquity per Strabo; unlocated.

    Tradition: East Locris, exact site unknown; also lost by Strabo's time (Strabo 9.4.5); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.532

44. Boagrius (river)

    Βοάγριος traditional

    Torrent-river at Thronium in East Locris; Strabo notes it also went by the name Manes.

    Tradition: The stream by Thronium, East Locris, called Manes/Boagrius in antiquity (Strabo 9.4.4)

    Il. 2.533

45. Boebe

    Βοίβη speculative

    Small Thessalian town giving the nearby lake its name; precise site unconfirmed.

    Tradition: Thessaly, on Lake Boebeis, exact site unknown; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.712

46. Bryseiae

    Βρυσειαί speculative

    Minor Laconian town paired with Augeiae in the Catalogue; no confirmed site.

    Tradition: Laconia, exact site unknown; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.583

47. Buprasium

    Βουπράσιον traditional

    District/town of northeast Elis bordering Achaea; already partly deserted by Strabo's time.

    Tradition: Northeast Elis, between the Larisus and the sea (Strabo 8.3.7)

    Il. 2.615

48. C

49. Calliarus

    Καλλίαρος speculative

    Locrian town Strabo says had vanished by his own day; no confirmed site.

    Tradition: East Locris, exact site unknown; already lost by Strabo's time (Strabo 9.4.5); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.531

50. Callicolone

    Καλλικολώνη speculative

    'Fair hill' near the Simoeis where gods sit to watch the battle of the gods. Modern topographers (J. M. Cook, The Troad, 1973) propose a ridge east of Troy without certainty.

    Tradition: Ridge east of Troy near the Simoeis (J. M. Cook, The Troad, 1973, tentative)

    Il. 20.53Il. 20.151

51. Calydnae Islands

    Καλύδναι traditional

    Small island group near Cos; Strabo and later tradition identify them chiefly with Kalymnos.

    Tradition: Islets near Cos, identified with modern Kalymnos and the smaller Leros group (Strabo 10.5.19)

    Il. 2.677

52. Calydon

    Καλυδών certain

    Aetolian city at the center of the Meleager story told by Phoenix in his appeal to Achilles.

    Pleiades Il. 9.530Il. 9.531Il. 2.640

53. Camirus

    Κάμειρος certain

    Excavated west-coast Rhodian city, one of the island's three pre-synoecism cities.

    Il. 2.656

54. Cape Malea

    Μάλεια certain

    Southeastern promontory of the Peloponnese; the storm that rounds Odysseus off course begins here.

    Pleiades Od. 9.80

55. Caria

    Καρία certain

    Region of southwest Anatolia; Nastes and Amphimachus lead its 'foreign-speaking' contingent.

    Il. 2.867

56. Carpathus

    Κράπαθος certain

    Large Dodecanese island between Rhodes and Crete; modern Karpathos preserves the ancient name (Homeric Crapathus).

    Il. 2.676

57. Carystus

    Κάρυστος certain

    South Euboean city famed for its marble quarries; modern Karystos occupies the ancient site.

    Il. 2.539

58. Casus

    Κάσος certain

    Small island south of Carpathos; modern Kasos preserves the ancient name.

    Il. 2.676

59. Cephisus (river)

    Κηφισός certain

    River draining Phocis into the Copaic basin of Boeotia; the modern Kifisos still bears the name.

    Il. 2.522

60. Cerinthus

    Κήρινθος traditional

    Small coastal Euboean town on the Aegean side, near modern Mantoudi/Kerinthos.

    Tradition: Coastal North Euboea near modern Mantoudi (Strabo 10.1.3)

    Il. 2.538

61. Chalcis (Aetolia)

    Χαλκίς traditional

    Aetolian coastal town on the gulf, distinct from Euboean Chalcis named in the same Catalogue.

    Tradition: Aetolian coastal town near modern Vasiliki, homonymous with Euboean Chalcis (Strabo 10.2.4)

    Il. 2.640

62. Chalcis (Euboea)

    Χαλκίς certain

    Chief city of Euboea on the Euripus strait; modern Chalkida occupies the same site.

    Il. 2.537

63. Charybdis

    Χάρυβδις traditional

    Whirlpool opposite Scylla that swallows the sea three times a day. Thucydides (4.24.5) identifies the strait as the Strait of Messina.

    Tradition: Strait of Messina, Sicilian shore (Thucydides 4.24.5)

    Od. 12.104

64. Chryse

    Χρύση speculative

    Coastal town of the priest Chryses, sacred to Apollo Smintheus. Site disputed; Strabo (13.1.48) already found it vanished, tentatively placed near Hamaxitos.

    Tradition: Near Hamaxitos/Smintheion, Troad (Strabo 13.1.48, who reports the town already gone by his day)

    Pleiades Il. 1.37–38Il. 1.431

65. Cilla

    Κίλλα speculative

    Town sacred to Apollo paired with Chryse in the priest's prayer; exact site unrecovered.

    Tradition: Troad, near Thebe under Placus (Strabo 13.1.62, site disputed and unlocated)

    Il. 1.38Il. 1.452

66. Cleonae

    Κλεωναί certain

    Argolid city between Corinth and Argos; site excavated near modern Archaies Kleones.

    Il. 2.570

67. Copae

    Κώπαι traditional

    Lake-shore town giving Copais its name; site at modern Kastro on the drained lake's edge.

    Tradition: Identified with the site at modern Kastro/Topolia on the former Lake Copais shore

    Il. 2.502

68. Corinth

    Κόρινθος certain

    Isthmus city commanding two seas; the classical/Roman site underlies modern ancient Corinth.

    Il. 2.570

69. Coroneia

    Κορώνεια traditional

    Site of the federal Boeotian sanctuary of Athena Itonia; modern Koroneia preserves the name.

    Tradition: Modern village of Koroneia, Boeotia, on the site of the ancient city (Paus. 9.34)

    Il. 2.503

70. Cos

    Κῶν certain

    Dodecanese island, Eurypylus's kingdom before the Catalogue's own Cos-contingent leaders; modern Kos.

    Il. 2.677

71. Crete

    Κρήτη certain

    Large island south of the Aegean, called "hundred-citied" in this line; Idomeneus's and Minos's traditional realm.

    Il. 2.649

72. Crete (Cnossus)

    Κνωσός certain

    Idomeneus's kingdom and, in the Odyssey, Cnossus is named as Minos's great city; also the setting of Odysseus's recurring false Cretan identity.

    Pleiades Od. 19.178–179Il. 18.591Il. 2.646

73. Crisa

    Κρῖσα traditional

    City on the height above the Crisaean/Cirrhaean plain, the harbor-district of Delphi.

    Tradition: Excavated site above the Crisaean plain near Delphi, Phocis (Strabo 9.3.3)

    Il. 2.520

74. Crocyleia

    Κροκύλεια speculative

    Strabo himself calls this and Aegilips obscure places within Odysseus's realm; unlocated.

    Tradition: Cephallenian/Ithacan territory, exact site unknown (Strabo 10.2.10, calls it obscure); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.633

75. Cromna

    Κρῶμνα speculative

    Paphlagonian coastal town Strabo groups with Cytorus and Sesamus without a precise site.

    Tradition: Paphlagonian coast, exact site unknown, near Cytorus and Sesamus (Strabo 12.3.10); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.855

76. Cynus

    Κῦνος traditional

    Harbor-town of Opus on the Euboean Gulf; located near modern Livanates.

    Tradition: Port of Opus near modern Livanates, East Locris (Strabo 9.4.2)

    Il. 2.531

77. Cyparisseeis

    Κυπαρισσήεις traditional

    Messenian coastal town; modern Kyparissia preserves the ancient name in the same region.

    Tradition: Near modern Kyparissia, Messenia (Strabo 8.3.24-25)

    Il. 2.593

78. Cyparissus (Phocis)

    Κυπάρισσος traditional

    Phocian town near Delphi; Strabo connects the name to later Anticyra on the Corinthian Gulf.

    Tradition: Identified with Anticyra or its vicinity on the Corinthian Gulf, Phocis (Strabo 9.3.13)

    Il. 2.519

79. Cyphus

    Κῦφος speculative

    Gouneus's home town in Perrhaebian territory; Strabo does not fix a precise site.

    Tradition: Northwest Thessaly/Perrhaebia, exact site unknown (Strabo 9.5.19); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.748

80. Cyprus

    Κύπρος certain

    Island named among the far shores of Menelaus's wandering and, elsewhere, as Aphrodite's own.

    Pleiades Od. 4.83

81. Cythera

    Κύθηρα certain

    Island south of the Peloponnese past which the north wind and current drive Odysseus's ships off course.

    Pleiades Od. 9.81

82. Cytorus

    Κύτωρος traditional

    Paphlagonian coastal town famed for boxwood; near modern Gideros on the Turkish Black Sea coast.

    Tradition: Black Sea coast near modern Gideros/Kidros, Paphlagonia (Strabo 12.3.10)

    Il. 2.853

83. D

84. Dardania

    Δαρδανίη traditional

    City founded by Dardanus before Ilios itself existed on the plain; ancient tradition places it near modern Çanakkale, south of Abydos.

    Tradition: Near modern Çanakkale, south of Abydos (Strabo 13.1.25-33)

    Pleiades Il. 20.215–216

85. Daulis

    Δαυλίς traditional

    Phocian city of the Procne/Philomela myth; modern Davleia preserves the name over the ancient site.

    Tradition: Modern village of Davleia/Daulis, Phocis, on the ancient site (Paus. 10.4.7)

    Il. 2.520

86. Delphi (Pytho)

    Πυθώ certain

    Sanctuary of Apollo at the foot of Parnassus, named for its treasuries in both epics.

    Pleiades Od. 8.80Il. 9.404–405Il. 2.519

87. Dium (Euboea)

    Δῖον speculative

    "Steep" Euboean town near Cape Cenaeum at the island's northwest tip; precise site unconfirmed.

    Tradition: North Euboea near Cape Cenaeum, exact site unknown; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.538

88. Dodona

    Δωδώνη certain

    Oracular sanctuary of Zeus in Epirus, consulted in Odysseus's false tale to learn whether to return openly or in secret.

    Pleiades Od. 14.327Od. 19.296Il. 2.750

89. Dorium

    Δώριον traditional

    Site where the Muses blinded Thamyris; often linked with the Bronze Age site of Malthi in Messenia.

    Tradition: Messenia/Triphylia, site of the Thamyris myth, near modern Malthi (Strabo 8.3.25; Paus. 4.33.3)

    Il. 2.594

90. Dulichium

    Δουλίχιον speculative

    Fourth island of Odysseus's realm, supplying the largest single contingent of suitors. Its identity was already disputed in antiquity.

    Tradition: Possibly the Echinades group or an island near Cephallenia; disputed since antiquity (Strabo 10.2.19)

    Pleiades Od. 14.335Od. 1.246Il. 2.625

91. E

92. Echinades Islands

    Ἐχινάδες certain

    Small island group off the Acarnanian coast at the Achelous's mouth; modern Echinades retain the name.

    Il. 2.625

93. Egypt

    Αἴγυπτος certain

    Land and river of the Nile; destination of Menelaus's wandering and of Odysseus's Cretan false tales.

    Pleiades Od. 4.483Od. 14.257

94. Eilesium

    Εἰλέσιον speculative

    Minor Boeotian village grouped with Harma and Erythrae; no confirmed modern site.

    Tradition: East Boeotia, exact site unknown; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.499

95. Eionae

    Ἠϊόνες speculative

    Small Argolid port Strabo says was later abandoned, its people moving to Argos; unlocated precisely.

    Tradition: Argolid coast near Epidaurus, exact site unknown (Strabo 8.6.14); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.561

96. Eleon

    Ἐλεών traditional

    Boeotian town excavated since 2011 by the Eastern Boeotia Archaeological Project near modern Arma.

    Tradition: Excavated at the site called Ancient Eleon near modern Arma/Dritsa, East Boeotia (excavations from 2011)

    Il. 2.500

97. Elis

    Ἦλις certain

    Region of the northwest Peloponnese, home of the Epeans, named in Nestor's account of a cattle-raid.

    Pleiades Il. 11.673Il. 11.686Il. 2.615

98. Elone

    Ἠλώνη speculative

    Thessalian town Strabo says was later called Leimone; precise original site unconfirmed.

    Tradition: Thessaly, later renamed Leimone per Strabo 9.5.19; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

    Il. 2.739

99. Eneti

    Ἐνετοί speculative

    People whose homeland the Romans later linked to the Italian Veneti; Strabo could not fix their Paphlagonian location precisely.

    Tradition: Paphlagonian coast, origin-point of the later Veneti migration legend, exact location disputed since antiquity (Strabo 12.3.8, 12.3.25)

    Il. 2.852

100. Enispe

     Ἐνίσπη speculative

     "Windy Enispe" became the ancient scholiasts' stock example of a Homeric place no one could locate.

     Tradition: 'Windy Enispe': proverbial in antiquity for an unfindable place (Strabo 8.8.2); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.606

101. Ephyra

     Ἐφύρη speculative

     Astyocheia's city, captured by Heracles; Strabo catalogues rival Homeric Ephyras and cannot fix this one.

     Tradition: One of several Homeric Ephyras (also claimed for Corinth and Thesprotia); this one on the river Selleeis, location disputed since antiquity (Strabo 8.3.5, 7.7.9); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.659

102. Epidaurus

     Ἐπίδαυρος certain

     Argolid city famed for the sanctuary of Asclepius; modern Palaia Epidavros occupies the ancient site.

     Il. 2.561

103. Erembi

     Ἐρεμβοί speculative

     People named in Menelaus's summary list of the lands he wandered through before reaching home (Od. 4.83-85), alongside Cyprus, Phoenicia, Egypt, the Ethiopians, the Sidonians, and Libya. No fixed site: not pinned on the map (CLAUDE.md apparatus honesty).

     Tradition: Unresolved since antiquity: Strabo (1.2.34), reporting Poseidonius, favors identifying the Erembi with the Arabians (on a conjectured textual/etymological link), while noting a rival ancient view that Homer means the Troglodytae; no consensus location exists, ancient or modern.

     Od. 4.84

104. Eretria

     Εἰρέτρια certain

     Excavated Euboean city (Homeric "Eiretria"); modern Eretria sits on the ancient site.

     Il. 2.537

105. Erythini

     Ἐρυθῖνοι speculative

     "Red" coastal cliffs of Paphlagonia named as a landmark; no confirmed modern site.

     Tradition: Paphlagonian coast, 'the red cliffs,' exact site unknown (Strabo 12.3.10); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.855

106. Erythrae (Boeotia)

     Ἐρυθραί speculative

     Boeotian village distinct from Ionian Erythrae; no confirmed modern site.

     Tradition: East Boeotia, near Mycalessus; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.499

107. Eteonus

     Ἐτεωνός speculative

     "Many-ridged" Boeotian village; Strabo says it was later called Scarphe. Site unconfirmed.

     Tradition: Cithaeron foothills, later renamed Scarphe per Strabo 9.2.25; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.497

108. Euboea

     Εὔβοια certain

     Long island off the eastern coast of central Greece; Nestor's route home runs past it via the open sea crossing.

     Pleiades Od. 3.174Il. 2.536

109. Eutresis

     Εὔτρησις traditional

     Boeotian village excavated by Hetty Goldman (1924-27) near modern Leuktra; continuous Bronze Age habitation.

     Tradition: Excavated Bronze Age site near modern Leuktra, Boeotia (Goldman excavations, 1924-1927)

     Il. 2.502

110. G

111. Geraistos

     Γεραιστός certain

     Harbor/cape at the southern tip of Euboea (modern Porto Kastri) where Nestor's and Menelaus's ships made landfall after the open-sea crossing from near Chios/Lesbos, sacrificing to Poseidon for the safe passage (Od. 3.177-179).

     Pleiades Od. 3.177–178

112. Glaphyrae

     Γλαφύραι speculative

     Minor Thessalian town in Eumelus's territory near Pherae and Iolcus; unlocated precisely.

     Tradition: Thessaly, near Pherae, exact site unknown; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.712

113. Glisas

     Γλισᾱς speculative

     Village near Teumessus at the foot of Mt Hypatus per Strabo/Pausanias; precise site unconfirmed.

     Tradition: Foot of Mt Hypatus, East Boeotia (Strabo 9.2.34; Paus. 9.19.3); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.504

114. Gonoessa

     Γονόεσσα speculative

     "Steep" Achaean town Strabo could not securely place; sometimes emended to Donoessa.

     Tradition: Achaean coast near Aegira, exact site unknown; possibly = Donoessa (Strabo 8.7.5); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.573

115. Gortyn

     Γόρτυν certain

     Major Cretan city, later Roman provincial capital; extensively excavated site survives near modern Gortyna.

     Il. 2.646

116. Graea

     Γραῖα speculative

     Strabo equates Graea with Tanagra, but the identification is his own inference, not certain.

     Tradition: Possibly Tanagra or Oropus area, East Boeotia (Strabo 9.2.6, identifies it with Tanagra); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.498

117. Gyrton

     Γυρτώνη traditional

     Lapith city in northeast Thessaly, associated in tradition with Peirithous's family.

     Tradition: Northeast Thessaly near modern Aghia, home of the Perrhaebian/Lapith Peirithous line (Strabo 9.5.19)

     Il. 2.738

118. H

119. Haliartus

     Ἁλίαρτος traditional

     Boeotian city on Lake Copais's south shore, destroyed 171 BC; modern Aliartos preserves the name.

     Tradition: Excavated site near modern Aliartos, Boeotia (Paus. 9.33)

     Il. 2.503

120. Halizones

     Ἁλιζῶνες speculative

     One of the most disputed Catalogue peoples; Strabo surveys and rejects several rival ancient theories of their location.

     Tradition: Location disputed since antiquity: candidates range from inland Anatolia to the Black Sea coast (Strabo 12.3.20-27 devotes an extended digression to the dispute); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.856

121. Harma

     Ἅρμα speculative

     Village near Mycalessus and Tanagra; Strabo links its name to Amphiaraus's chariot. Unconfirmed site.

     Tradition: Near modern Kastro, East Boeotia, associated with lightning omens (Strabo 9.2.11); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.499

122. Helice

     Ἑλίκη certain

     Achaean city submerged by earthquake/tsunami in 373 BC; site located offshore near modern Rodia/Elike.

     Il. 2.575

123. Hellas

     Ἑλλάς certain

     Homer's original, narrow 'Hellas': a district of Achaea Phthiotis, not yet the whole Greek world.

     Il. 2.683

124. Hellespont

     Ἑλλήσποντος certain

     Strait (modern Dardanelles) bounding the Troad, repeatedly named as the edge of the Achaeans' world.

     Pleiades Il. 24.346Il. 7.86Il. 2.845

125. Helos (Laconia)

     Ἕλος traditional

     Coastal marsh-town at the Eurotas's mouth; ancient tradition derives 'helot' from its conquest.

     Tradition: Marsh town near the Eurotas mouth, Laconia, later giving 'helot' its name (Strabo 8.5.4; Paus. 3.20.6)

     Il. 2.584

126. Helos (Messenia)

     Ἕλος speculative

     Messenian coastal town sharing its name with the Laconian Helos in the same Catalogue; unlocated.

     Tradition: Messenia, exact site unknown, distinct from the Laconian Helos; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.594

127. Hermione

     Ἑρμιόνη certain

     Argolid coastal city; modern Ermioni occupies the ancient site on its own peninsula.

     Il. 2.560

128. Histiaea

     Ἱστίαια traditional

     North Euboean city; classical Histiaea/Oreus is generally located near modern Oreoi.

     Tradition: North Euboea, near modern Oreoi (Strabo 10.1.3-4)

     Il. 2.537

129. Hyampolis

     Ὑάμπολις traditional

     Northeast Phocian town near the excavated Kalapodi sanctuary; site attested by Pausanias.

     Tradition: Near modern Exarchos/Kalapodi, Phocis (Paus. 10.35.5; excavations at the Kalapodi sanctuary)

     Il. 2.521

130. Hyle

     Ὕλη speculative

     Village by the lake Strabo calls Hylica (a Copais inlet); precise site unconfirmed.

     Tradition: Shore of Lake Copais/Hylica, Boeotia (Strabo 9.2.20); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.500

131. Hyperesia

     Ὑπερησίη traditional

     Achaean coastal town, later renamed Aegira; site near modern Aigeira on the Gulf of Corinth.

     Tradition: Later renamed Aegira, on the Corinthian Gulf, Achaea (Strabo 8.7.5; Paus. 7.26.1)

     Il. 2.573

132. Hypothebae

     Ὑποθῆβαι traditional

     "Lower Thebes": the Catalogue names this, not ruined Thebes itself, per the tradition that the Epigoni sacked Thebes one generation before Troy.

     Tradition: The Theban settlement re-founded after the Epigoni destroyed seven-gated Thebes (schol. Il. 2.505; Paus. 9.8.4-9.5)

     Il. 2.505

133. Hyria

     Ὑρίη speculative

     Coastal town opposite Aulis in Strabo's account; no firm modern site identified.

     Tradition: Coastal Boeotia opposite Aulis (Strabo 9.2.12); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.496

134. Hyrmine

     Ὑρμίνη speculative

     Elean coastal village Strabo says had disappeared, its name surviving in the nearby fort Hormina.

     Tradition: Elis coast, vanished village later refounded as the fort Hormina (Strabo 8.3.10); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.616

135. I

136. Ialysus

     Ἰηλυσός certain

     Northwest Rhodian city near modern Trianta/Ialysos; one of the island's three pre-synoecism cities.

     Il. 2.656

137. Imbros

     Ἴμβρος certain

     Island near the Hellespont mouth, a waystation for gods travelling between Troy and Samothrace.

     Pleiades Il. 13.33Il. 14.281

138. Iolcus

     Ἰαωλκός certain

     Jason and the Argonauts' port city; excavated Bronze Age site near modern Volos.

     Il. 2.712

139. Island of the Sirens

     Σειρῆνες traditional

     Unnamed island where the Sirens' song lures sailors to death; Odysseus sails past bound to the mast. Strabo (1.2.12, 5.4.8) locates it off the Sirenusas near Sorrento.

     Tradition: Sirenusas (Li Galli islands) off Sorrento, Italy (Strabo 1.2.12, 5.4.8)

     Od. 12.39

140. Ismarus

     Ἴσμαρος traditional

     City of the Cicones sacked by Odysseus's men on leaving Troy. Ancient tradition (Strabo 7 fr. 44) locates it near Maroneia on the Thracian coast.

     Tradition: Thracian coast near Maroneia (Strabo 7 fr. 44; Barrington Atlas lists as unlocated)

     Pleiades Od. 9.39–40

141. Ithaca

     Ἰθάκη traditional

     Odysseus's home island, ruled by continuity of name with the modern island of Ithaki since antiquity (Strabo 10.2.10-13).

     Tradition: Identified since antiquity with the island of Ithaki (Strabo 10.2.10-13). A minority 'Paliki thesis' (Bittlestone, Diggle & Underhill, Odysseus Unbound, 2005) argues Homer's Ithaca is instead the Paliki peninsula of Kefalonia, once a separate island; the Ithaki identification remains the mainstream tradition.

     Pleiades Od. 1.18Od. 1.103Il. 2.632

142. Ithome (Thessaly)

     Ἰθώμη speculative

     "Craggy" Thessalian town near Tricca, homonymous with the far better-known Messenian Ithome; unlocated precisely.

     Tradition: West Thessaly near Tricca, 'craggy,' exact site unknown, distinct from the famous Messenian Ithome; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.729

143. Iton

     Ἰτών traditional

     "Mother of flocks": site of the Thessalian federal sanctuary of Athena Itonia.

     Tradition: Site of the federal Thessalian sanctuary of Athena Itonia, near modern Philia (Strabo 9.5.14)

     Il. 2.696

144. L

145. Laas

     Λάας traditional

     Laconian town on the Mani coast; Pausanias locates its ruins near a hill by the same name.

     Tradition: South Laconia near modern Passava/Kyparissos (Paus. 3.24.6-8)

     Il. 2.585

146. Laestrygonia (Telepylus)

     Τηλέπυλος traditional

     Harbor city of the cannibal Laestrygonians, where all of Odysseus's ships but one are destroyed. Roman tradition (Horace, Odes 3.17) places it at Formiae, Italy.

     Tradition: Formiae, Italy (Roman literary tradition, Horace Odes 3.17; Homer's own text suggests a near-polar 'land of the long day', Od. 10.82-86)

     Pleiades Od. 10.81–82

147. Lake Boebeis

     Βοιβηίς certain

     Thessalian lake by Pherae; the modern (much reduced) Lake Karla/Boibeis.

     Il. 2.711

148. Lake Gygaea

     Γυγαίη certain

     Lake in Maeonia/Lydia below Mt Tmolus; identified with the modern Marmara Gölü.

     Il. 2.865

149. Land of the Cicones

     Κίκονες traditional

     Thracian coastal people allied to Troy here; the same Cicones whose city Ismarus Odysseus later sacks.

     Tradition: Aegean-Thracian coast around modern Maroneia, homeland of the Ciconian allies (Strabo 7 fr. 44)

     Il. 2.846

150. Land of the Cimmerians / entrance to the underworld

     Κιμμέριοι mythical

     Sunless land at the edge of Ocean where Odysseus performs the nekyia. Homer gives no real-world geography; no ancient tradition fixes a location.

     Od. 11.14

151. Land of the Cyclopes

     Κύκλωπες traditional

     Land of the lawless, one-eyed Cyclopes where Polyphemus blinds and imprisons Odysseus's crew. Ancient tradition (Thucydides 6.2.1) locates the Cyclopes in Sicily.

     Tradition: Sicily, near Mount Etna (Thucydides 6.2.1; Euripides' Cyclops)

     Od. 9.106

152. Land of the Ethiopians

     Αἰθίοπες mythical

     Distant people 'sundered in twain' at the world's edge whom Poseidon visits at the poem's opening. Homer's own geography is schematic, not a fixed real-world location.

     Od. 1.22–23

153. Land of the Lotus-eaters

     Λωτοφάγοι traditional

     Coast where three of Odysseus's men eat the lotus and lose all wish to return home. Ancient tradition (Polybius, Pliny NH 5.41) locates it at Meninx/Djerba off Tunisia.

     Tradition: Meninx/Djerba, Tunisia, called Lotophagitis in antiquity (Polybius ap. Pliny NH 5.41)

     Pleiades Od. 9.84Od. 23.311

154. Larisa (Troad)

     Λάρισα speculative

     Pelasgian city, homonymous with the Thessalian Larisa; Strabo records several rival candidate sites near the Troad/Aeolis coast.

     Tradition: Aeolis/Troad, exact site disputed since antiquity; candidates include a site near Cyme (Strabo 13.3.2-3, 13.1.70); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.841

155. Lemnos

     Λῆμνος certain

     Aegean island where Hephaestus fell after being cast from Olympus; also the market for wine shipped to the Achaean camp and where Achilles sold Lycaon.

     Pleiades Il. 1.593Il. 21.40Il. 2.722

156. Lesbos

     Λέσβος certain

     Large island off the Aeolian coast of Asia Minor where Nestor's and Menelaus's homebound squadrons debated the safer sea-route to Euboea (Od. 3.169-175) before striking out across open water for Geraistos. Coordinate is a representative point on the island, not a single settlement.

     Pleiades Od. 3.169

157. Libya

     Λιβύη certain

     North African coast west of Egypt, named among the wonder-lands of Menelaus's wandering and Odysseus's false tales.

     Pleiades Od. 4.85Od. 14.295

158. Lilaea

     Λίλαια traditional

     Town at the Cephisus's source on Parnassus; modern Lilaia preserves the ancient name and site.

     Tradition: Modern village of Lilaia, Phocis, at the springs of the Cephisus on Mt Parnassus (Paus. 10.33.4)

     Il. 2.523

159. Lindus

     Λίνδος certain

     East-coast Rhodian city with its acropolis sanctuary of Athena Lindia; modern Lindos occupies the site.

     Il. 2.656

160. Locris

     Λοκροί certain

     Homeland of the Locrians under the lesser Ajax, on the Greek mainland opposite Euboea.

     Pleiades Il. 13.686Il. 13.712Il. 2.527

161. Lycastus

     Λύκαστος speculative

     Cretan city Strabo lists among those absorbed by Cnossus or Gortyn well before his own day.

     Tradition: Crete, exact site unknown, already vanished by Strabo's time (Strabo 10.4.14); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.647

162. Lycia

     Λυκίη certain

     Region of southwest Anatolia; Sarpedon and Glaucus lead its distant Trojan-allied contingent.

     Il. 2.876

163. Lyctus

     Λύκτος traditional

     Old Cretan city, a Spartan colony per tradition; modern Lyttos village preserves the name nearby.

     Tradition: East-central Crete near modern Xidas/Lyttos village (Strabo 10.4.14)

     Il. 2.647

164. Lyrnessus

     Λυρνησσός speculative

     City sacked by Achilles where Briseis was captured; Strabo himself calls the site's identification uncertain.

     Tradition: Troad, exact site disputed already in antiquity (Strabo 13.1.60-70)

     Pleiades Il. 2.690–691Il. 19.60

165. M

166. Maeander (river)

     Μαίανδρος certain

     Anatolian river proverbial for its winding course, reaching the sea near Miletus; the modern Büyük Menderes.

     Il. 2.869

167. Maeonia

     Μηονίη certain

     Region of west Anatolia later called Lydia; Mesthles and Antiphus lead its contingent.

     Il. 2.864

168. Magnesia (Thessaly)

     Μαγνῆτες certain

     Coastal district comprising the Pelion peninsula and lower Peneius valley, Thessaly; Prothous's contingent.

     Il. 2.756

169. Mantinea

     Μαντινέη certain

     Central Arcadian city, site of major classical battles; excavated remains near modern Mantineia.

     Il. 2.607

170. Mases

     Μάσης speculative

     Small Argolid port Strabo says was a dependency of Hermione by his own time; unlocated precisely.

     Tradition: Argolid coast near Hermione, already absorbed by Hermione in Strabo's day (Strabo 8.6.15); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.562

171. Medeon (Boeotia)

     Μεδεών traditional

     Boeotian coastal town, distinct from Phocian Medeon; excavated remains near modern Kastraki.

     Tradition: Identified with the excavated site near modern Kastraki on the Gulf of Corinth (Boeotian Medeon)

     Il. 2.501

172. Meliboea

     Μελίβοια traditional

     Magnesian coastal town famed later for a purple dye; modern Melivoia village preserves the name.

     Tradition: Magnesian coast of Thessaly near modern Kato Ollympos/Melivoia (Strabo 9.5.15)

     Il. 2.717

173. Messe

     Μέσση speculative

     "Many-doved" Laconian town Strabo could not confidently locate; possibly related to Messa on the gulf.

     Tradition: Laconia, possibly = later Messa on the Messenian Gulf (Strabo 8.5.3); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.582

174. Methone (Thessaly)

     Μηθώνη traditional

     Magnesian coastal town in Philoctetes's realm; homonymous with an unrelated Methone in Messenia.

     Tradition: Magnesian coast of Thessaly, near modern Nea Agchialos/Volos area, homonymous with Messenian Methone (Strabo 9.5.18)

     Il. 2.716

175. Midea (Boeotia)

     Μίδεια speculative

     Boeotian town distinct from Argive Midea; Strabo places it near Lake Copais without precision.

     Tradition: Copaic basin, Boeotia, exact site unknown (Strabo 9.2.35); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.507

176. Miletus (Anatolia)

     Μίλητος certain

     Major Ionian/Carian coastal city, homonymous with the Cretan Miletus named earlier in this Catalogue.

     Il. 2.868

177. Miletus (Crete)

     Μίλητος traditional

     Cretan city sharing its name with Anatolian Miletus named later in this Catalogue's Trojan half.

     Tradition: South-central Crete, near modern Miletos village, homonymous with Anatolian Miletus (Strabo 10.4.14)

     Il. 2.647

178. Mount Cyllene

     Κυλλήνη certain

     Highest mountain in the Peloponnese, birthplace of Hermes; modern Mt Ziria/Kyllini.

     Il. 2.603

179. Mount Ida

     Ἴδη certain

     Mountain range south of Troy where Zeus watches the war and to which Paris's judgment is traditionally set; modern Kaz Dağı.

     Pleiades Il. 8.47Il. 3.276Il. 2.821

180. Mount Mycale

     Μυκάλη certain

     Coastal mountain of Ionia opposite Samos, site of the 479 BC battle; the modern Dilek Dağı.

     Il. 2.869

181. Mount Pelion

     Πήλιον certain

     Wooded mountain of the Magnesian peninsula, Thessaly, home of Chiron in myth; modern Pilio.

     Il. 2.744Il. 2.757

182. Mount Phthires

     Φθιρῶν ὄρος speculative

     "Louse mountain," a landmark near Carian Miletus; no confirmed identification with a modern peak.

     Tradition: Caria, near Miletus and the Maeander, exact peak unidentified; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.868

183. Mount Tereia

     Τηρείη speculative

     Hill-landmark Strabo places between Lampsacus and Zeleia; precise peak unidentified.

     Tradition: A hill on the Propontis coast between Lampsacus and Zeleia (Strabo 13.1.19); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.829

184. Mount Tmolus

     Τμῶλος certain

     Mountain of Maeonia/Lydia overlooking Sardis; the modern Bozdağ range.

     Il. 2.866

185. Mycalessus

     Μυκαλησσός traditional

     "Wide-lawned" Boeotian town on the road to Chalcis; the Thucydidean massacre site near Ritsona.

     Tradition: Near modern Ritsona, East Boeotia (site of the Thucydides 7.29 massacre; Paus. 9.19.4)

     Il. 2.498

186. Mycenae

     Μυκήνη certain

     Agamemnon's citadel, the wealthiest of the Achaean cities; identified with the Bronze Age site excavated by Schliemann from 1874.

     Pleiades Il. 2.569Od. 3.305

187. Myrsinus

     Μύρσινος traditional

     Elean coastal village on the road from Elis to Dyme, near a sacred myrtle grove per Strabo.

     Tradition: Elis coast near modern Agios Ilias, on the road to Dyme (Strabo 8.3.10)

     Il. 2.616

188. Mysia

     Μυσία certain

     Region of northwest Anatolia south of the Troad and Propontis; Chromis and Ennomus lead its contingent.

     Il. 2.858

189. N

190. Neritum

     Νήριτον traditional

     "Leaf-quivering" mountain of Ithaca named alongside the island itself; traditionally the island's main ridge.

     Tradition: Ithaca's principal mountain, traditionally Mt Neriton/Anogi (Strabo 10.2.10)

     Il. 2.632

191. Nisa

     Νῖσα speculative

     Strabo himself questions whether a Boeotian Nisa existed, suggesting the line may name Isus instead.

     Tradition: Site disputed; Strabo doubts a Boeotian Nisa existed and proposes emending the text (Strabo 9.2.14); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.508

192. Nisyros

     Νίσυρος certain

     Volcanic Dodecanese island; modern Nisyros preserves the ancient name.

     Il. 2.676

193. O

194. Ocalea

     Ὠκαλέη speculative

     Village Strabo places on the road between Haliartus and Alalcomenae; site unconfirmed.

     Tradition: Midway between Haliartus and Alalcomenae, Boeotia (Strabo 9.2.27); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.501

195. Oechalia

     Οἰχαλίη speculative

     Eurytus's city; already in antiquity Strabo lists rival Thessalian, Messenian, and Euboean claimants to the name.

     Tradition: Named at Il. 2.596 (Messenia, home of Eurytus) and 2.730 (Thessaly); ancient sources dispute whether one or several places bore the name (Strabo 9.5.17; 10.1.10); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.596Il. 2.730

196. Oetylus

     Οἴτυλος certain

     Mani-coast Laconian town; modern Oitylo preserves the ancient name on the same site.

     Il. 2.585

197. Ogygia

     Ὠγυγίη mythical

     Remote island of the nymph Calypso, where Odysseus is detained seven years. No ancient source offers a real-world identification commanding consensus; kept unlocated.

     Od. 7.244

198. Olenian Rock

     Ὠλενίη πέτρη speculative

     Rock-landmark in Elis, not the Aetolian city of the same root name; Strabo notes the identity was disputed.

     Tradition: Elis, a rock landmark of disputed location, distinct from Aetolian Olenus (Strabo 8.3.10); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.617

199. Olenus (Aetolia)

     Ὤλενος speculative

     Aetolian city Strabo reports as already razed and its territory absorbed by neighbors; unlocated.

     Tradition: Aetolia, already destroyed and deserted by Strabo's time (Strabo 10.2.6); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.639

200. Olizon

     Ὀλιζών traditional

     Southern Magnesian coastal town in Philoctetes's realm; approximate site near modern Milina.

     Tradition: Southern tip of the Magnesian peninsula, Thessaly, near modern Milina (Strabo 9.5.15)

     Il. 2.717

201. Oloosson

     Ὀλοοσσών traditional

     "White" Thessalian town in Perrhaebian territory; located near modern Elassona.

     Tradition: Northwest Thessaly near modern Elassona (Strabo 9.5.19)

     Il. 2.739

202. Olympus

     Ὄλυμπος certain

     Seat of the gods in both the Iliad and the Odyssey; the historical mountain stands on the Thessaly–Macedonia border (modern Ólympos). Homer also idealizes the peak as a divine dwelling free of wind, rain, and snow (Od. 6.42–46).

     Pleiades Il. 1.494–495Il. 8.3Od. 6.42Il. 1.532

203. Onchestus

     Ὀγχηστός traditional

     Grove and sanctuary of Poseidon on the road from Haliartus to Thebes, still visible in antiquity.

     Tradition: Sanctuary of Poseidon located near modern Steni/Haliartos, Boeotia (Paus. 9.26.5; Strabo 9.2.33)

     Il. 2.506

204. Opus

     Ὀπόεις traditional

     Chief city of the Opuntian Locrians and, in tradition, Patroclus's birthplace.

     Tradition: Modern town of Atalanti area, East Locris, capital of the Opuntian Locrians (Strabo 9.4.2)

     Il. 2.531

205. Orchomenus (Arcadia)

     Ὀρχομενός certain

     "Sheep-rich" Arcadian city, distinct from the Boeotian Orchomenus in the same Catalogue; excavated near modern Kalpaki.

     Il. 2.605

206. Orchomenus (Minyan)

     Ὀρχομενός certain

     Wealthy Boeotian city, invoked by Achilles as a byword for riches he will refuse from Agamemnon.

     Pleiades Il. 9.381Od. 11.284Il. 2.511

207. Ormenium

     Ὀρμένιον traditional

     Thessalian town at the foot of Pelion in Eurypylus's realm; Strabo places it near the Magnesian border.

     Tradition: Thessaly/Magnesia border, near modern Ormenio or the foot of Mt Pelion (Strabo 9.5.18)

     Il. 2.734

208. Orneiae

     Ὀρνειαί traditional

     Argolid town between Sicyon and Phlius; Strabo notes it later stood deserted.

     Tradition: Between Sicyon and Argos, Argolid, near modern Sterna/Kaparelli (Strabo 8.6.24)

     Il. 2.571

209. Orthe

     Ὀρθη speculative

     Thessalian town Strabo tentatively equates with the citadel of Phalanna; unconfirmed.

     Tradition: Thessaly, possibly the acropolis of Phalanna per Strabo 9.5.19; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.739

210. P

211. Paeonia

     Παιονίη traditional

     Region on the Axius river, north of Macedon; Pyraechmes leads its Trojan-allied archers.

     Tradition: Region along the middle Axius valley, north of Macedonia (Strabo 7 fr. 4, 11)

     Il. 2.848

212. Panopeus

     Πανοπεύς traditional

     Small Phocian city on the border with Boeotia; Pausanias describes its walls as still standing.

     Tradition: Excavated walls near modern Agios Vlasios, Phocis (Paus. 10.4.1-4)

     Il. 2.520

213. Paphlagonia

     Παφλαγονία certain

     Black Sea coastal region of north-central Anatolia; Pylaemenes leads its Trojan-allied contingent.

     Il. 2.851

214. Parrhasia

     Παρρασίη traditional

     District/town-group of southwest Arcadia, later absorbed into the synoecism of Megalopolis.

     Tradition: Southwest Arcadian district around modern Megalopolis basin (Strabo 8.8.1)

     Il. 2.608

215. Parthenius (river)

     Παρθένιος certain

     Paphlagonian coastal river; the modern Bartın Çayı.

     Il. 2.854

216. Pedasus (Troad)

     Πήδασος speculative

     Town on the Satnioeis river sacked with Lyrnessus; not securely located by modern archaeology.

     Tradition: On the Satnioeis river, Troad, site unrecovered (Strabo 13.1.51)

     Il. 20.92Il. 6.35

217. Pelasgian Argos

     Ἄργος Πελασγικόν traditional

     Homonym of Peloponnesian Argos; ancient tradition places this 'Pelasgian Argos' in the Thessalian plain, Achilles's realm.

     Tradition: Identified with the plain of Thessaly (not the Peloponnesian Argos of the same name), per ancient scholiasts and Strabo 9.5.6

     Il. 2.681

218. Pellene

     Πελλήνη traditional

     Easternmost of the twelve Achaean cities; site near modern Pellini, above Xylokastro.

     Tradition: Achaean city near modern Pellini/Zougra (Strabo 8.7.5; Paus. 7.26-27)

     Il. 2.574

219. Peneius (river)

     Πηνειός certain

     Principal river of Thessaly, running through the Vale of Tempe; the modern Pineios.

     Il. 2.752Il. 2.753Il. 2.757

220. Percote

     Περκώτη traditional

     Propontis coastal town between Abydos and Lampsacus in Asius's realm.

     Tradition: Propontis coast near modern Umurbey/Bergaz, between Abydos and Lampsacus (Strabo 13.1.19)

     Il. 2.835

221. Peteon

     Πετεών speculative

     Minor Boeotian village; Strabo places it on the road from Thebes toward the coast.

     Tradition: Between Thebes and the coast, Boeotia (Strabo 9.2.28); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.500

222. Phaestus

     Φαιστός certain

     Major Minoan palatial site in the Messara plain, south-central Crete; extensively excavated.

     Il. 2.648

223. Pharis

     Φᾶρις speculative

     Laconian town Strabo groups with Amyclae as later absorbed into Sparta's territory; unlocated precisely.

     Tradition: Laconia, near Amyclae, exact site unknown (Strabo 8.5.3); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.582

224. Pharos

     Φάρος certain

     Island off the Egyptian coast where Menelaus, becalmed, ambushes Proteus for sailing directions home.

     Od. 4.354–355

225. Pheneus

     Φενεός certain

     Northern Arcadian city in its own mountain basin; excavated site near modern Fonia/Pheneos.

     Il. 2.605

226. Pherae

     Φεραί certain

     Major Thessalian city on Lake Boebeis, later home of the tyrant Jason of Pherae; near modern Velestino.

     Il. 2.711

227. Pherae

     Φηραί traditional

     Home of Diocles son of Ortilochus, where Telemachus and Peisistratus break their overland journey from Pylos to Sparta, spending the night before pressing on the next day (Od. 3.488-497).

     Tradition: Identified since antiquity with the settlement near modern Kalamata, Messenia (Pausanias 4.30.2, who explicitly glosses Od. 3.488's 'house of Diocles' as 'the city of Pherae in Messene'); distinct from the better-known Thessalian Pherae (home of Admetus).

     Pleiades Od. 3.488

228. Phrygia

     Φρυγία certain

     Central Anatolian region; Phorcys and Ascanius lead its Trojan-allied contingent.

     Il. 2.862

229. Phthia

     Φθίη traditional

     Achilles' homeland in Thessaly, whose exact site (Spercheios valley, near Pharsalus/Halos) is disputed among ancient and modern geographers.

     Tradition: Spercheios river valley, Thessaly, near ancient Halos/Pharsalus (disputed; Strabo 9.5.6)

     Il. 1.155Il. 9.363Il. 2.683

230. Phylace

     Φυλάκη traditional

     Protesilaus's city in Achaea Phthiotis; Strabo places it in the same coastal district as Phthiotic Thebes.

     Tradition: Achaea Phthiotis, near modern Nea Anchialos/Phthiotic Thebes (Strabo 9.5.8)

     Il. 2.695

231. Pityeia

     Πιτύεια speculative

     "Pine" town on the Propontis coast; Strabo connects the district with later Lampsacus.

     Tradition: Propontis coast, later identified with Lampsacus's territory (Strabo 13.1.19); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.829

232. Planctae (Wandering Rocks)

     Πλαγκταί mythical

     Colliding rocks that only the Argo has ever passed safely; Circe advises Odysseus to avoid them for Scylla's strait instead. Ancient scholiasts disagreed on location, some conflating them with the Symplegades.

     Od. 12.61

233. Plataea

     Πλάταια traditional

     Boeotian city of the 479 BC battle; modern Plataies preserves the name over the excavated remains.

     Tradition: Excavated site near modern Plataies, Boeotia, below Mt Cithaeron (Paus. 9.1-4)

     Il. 2.504

234. Pleuron

     Πλευρών traditional

     Aetolian city of the Meleager saga; the Classical-era city was refounded near the original Homeric site.

     Tradition: Old Pleuron near modern Gyphtokastro, Aetolia; refounded nearby after the Homeric site's destruction (Strabo 10.2.4)

     Il. 2.639

235. Practius (river)

     Πράκτιος traditional

     River Strabo places between Percote and Abydos; also the name of a nearby town in later sources.

     Tradition: Small stream between Percote and Abydos, Propontis coast (Strabo 13.1.19-21)

     Il. 2.835

236. Pteleos (Messenia)

     Πτελεός speculative

     Messenian-area town, homonymous with a Thessalian town in the same Catalogue; unlocated.

     Tradition: Triphylia/Messenia, exact site unknown, distinct from the Thessalian Pteleos (Strabo 8.3.25); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.594

237. Pteleos (Thessaly)

     Πτελεός traditional

     Thessalian coastal town whose name modern Pteleos village preserves; homonymous with a Messenian town in this Catalogue.

     Tradition: Achaea Phthiotis coast near modern Pteleos village, homonymous with the Messenian Pteleos (Strabo 9.5.14)

     Il. 2.697

238. Pylene

     Πυλήνη speculative

     Aetolian town Strabo says was moved to higher ground and renamed Proschium; original site unlocated.

     Tradition: Aetolia, relocated and renamed Proschium per Strabo 10.2.6; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.639

239. Pylos

     Πύλος traditional

     Nestor's 'sandy Pylos' in Messenia, identified by most archaeologists with the excavated Bronze Age palace at Ano Englianos (Blegen, from 1939). Already in antiquity three homonymous towns (Messenian, Triphylian, and Elean) claimed Nestor's Pylos; Strabo (8.3.7) reports the proverb of a Pylos before Pylos and argues for the Triphylian candidate.

     Tradition: Ano Englianos, Messenia (Blegen's excavations from 1939, identifying the 'Palace of Nestor')

     Od. 1.93Od. 3.4–5Il. 2.591

240. Pyrasus

     Πύρασος traditional

     Coastal town with a precinct of Demeter; later absorbed into/near Phthiotic Thebes per Strabo.

     Tradition: Site of a Demeter sanctuary, near modern Nea Anchialos, Achaea Phthiotis (Strabo 9.5.14)

     Il. 2.695

241. R

242. Rhipe

     Ῥίπη speculative

     Strabo explicitly says these three towns, and their location, could not be found even in his day.

     Tradition: One of a trio of Arcadian names (with Stratie, Enispe) already unlocatable to ancient scholars (Strabo 8.8.2); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.606

243. Rhodes

     Ῥόδος certain

     Dodecanese island later unified from three cities (Lindus, Ialysus, Camirus); Tlepolemus's kingdom.

     Il. 2.654

244. Rhytium

     Ῥύτιον traditional

     Small Cretan town Strabo lists as a dependency of Gortyn; near-namesake modern Rotasi village.

     Tradition: South-central Crete near modern Rotasi, subject to Gortyn (Strabo 10.4.14)

     Il. 2.648

245. S

246. Salamis

     Σαλαμίς certain

     Island home of Telamonian Ajax, named in his own prayer before facing Hector in single combat.

     Il. 7.198–199Il. 2.557

247. Same

     Σάμη traditional

     One of the islands in Odysseus's kingdom, alongside Ithaca, Dulichium, and Zacynthus (Odyssey 1.246, 9.24). The Iliad's Catalogue of Ships names it in the older form Σάμος (2.634); identified with modern Kefalonia.

     Tradition: Identified with the island now called Cephalonia (Kefalonia), whose principal town Sami preserves the ancient name. In Homer 'Same' names one island in Odysseus's realm; it is distinct from 'Cephallenians' (Κεφαλλῆνες, Iliad 2.631), the ethnonym covering Odysseus's whole people across Ithaca, Same, Dulichium, Zacynthus, and the mainland opposite.

     Pleiades Od. 1.246Od. 9.24Il. 2.634

248. Samothrace

     Σάμος Θρηικίη certain

     Northern Aegean island whose peak gives Poseidon a full view of the Trojan plain.

     Pleiades Il. 13.12–13

249. Scamander (Xanthus)

     Σκάμανδρος certain

     Principal river of the Trojan plain, called Xanthus by the gods; its god fights Achilles in Iliad 21. Modern Karamenderes.

     Pleiades Il. 21.223Il. 20.74

250. Scarphe

     Σκάρφη traditional

     East Locrian coastal town on the road to Thermopylae, near modern Molos.

     Tradition: Near modern Molos, East Locris, on the coast road (Strabo 9.4.6)

     Il. 2.532

251. Scheria (Phaeacia)

     Σχερίη traditional

     Island home of the seafaring Phaeacians, who ferry Odysseus to Ithaca. An ancient tradition identifies Scheria with Corcyra (Corfu); already in Thucydides 1.25.4 the Corcyraeans themselves boast that the Phaeacians once occupied their island—not an identification asserted in Thucydides' own voice.

     Tradition: Corcyra (modern Corfu); ancient tradition already reflected in Thucydides 1.25.4 (Corcyraeans' appeal to prior Phaeacian occupation)

     Pleiades Od. 6.8

252. Schoenus

     Σχοῖνος speculative

     Boeotian village on the Theban-Anthedon road per Strabo; site not confirmed archaeologically.

     Tradition: Near Thebes on the road to Anthedon (Strabo 9.2.24); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.497

253. Scolus

     Σκῶλος speculative

     Village below Cithaeron that Strabo calls a rough, hardly livable place; unlocated precisely.

     Tradition: Foothills of Cithaeron near Thebes (Strabo 9.2.23; Paus. 9.4.4); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.497

254. Scylla's rock

     Σκύλλη traditional

     Six-headed monster inhabiting a cliff opposite Charybdis, who seizes six of Odysseus's men. Thucydides (4.24.5) identifies the strait as the Strait of Messina.

     Tradition: Strait of Messina, Italian shore (Thucydides 4.24.5)

     Od. 12.85

255. Selleeis (river, by Ephyra)

     Σελλήεις speculative

     River Strabo could not securely place; a namesake Selleeis also flows past Arisbe in the Troad half of this Catalogue.

     Tradition: River by the Ephyra of Tlepolemus's mother's capture, unlocated, distinct from the Troad river of the same name (Strabo 8.3.5); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.659

256. Selleeis (river, Troad)

     Σελλήεις speculative

     River by Arisbe from which Asius's horses come; a second, unrelated Homeric river Selleeis is named for Rhodes's Ephyra.

     Tradition: Stream by Arisbe in the Troad, unlocated precisely, distinct from the river of the same name near Rhodian Ephyra; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.839

257. Sesamus

     Σήσαμος traditional

     Paphlagonian coastal town later refounded as Amastris; near modern Amasra, Turkey.

     Tradition: Black Sea coast near modern Amasra, Paphlagonia, later called Amastris (Strabo 12.3.10)

     Il. 2.853

258. Sestos

     Σηστός certain

     City on the European shore of the Hellespont opposite Abydos.

     Pleiades Il. 2.836

259. Sicyon

     Σικυών certain

     City of the Corinthian Gulf coast, Adrastus's first kingdom per Homer; excavated near modern Vasiliko.

     Il. 2.572

260. Sidon / Phoenicia

     Σιδών certain

     Phoenician city and coast; source of the traders and the ornate silver bowl given to Menelaus.

     Pleiades Od. 4.83–84Od. 4.618

261. Simoeis

     Σιμόεις certain

     Tributary stream of the Scamander crossing the Trojan plain, paired with it as a boundary marker.

     Pleiades Il. 6.4Il. 5.774

262. Sounion

     Σούνιον certain

     The 'sacred cape of the Athenians' (Od. 3.278) at the southern tip of Attica, where Menelaus's helmsman Phrontis died at the tiller and was buried, delaying the fleet. The Poseidon temple whose ruins stand there today is later (5th c. BC) than the epic setting, but the headland is the same real cape (Pleiades 580108).

     Pleiades Od. 3.278

263. Sparta (Lacedaemon)

     Σπάρτη certain

     Menelaus and Helen's home in Laconia, Telemachus's second stop on his journey for news of his father.

     Pleiades Od. 1.93Od. 4.10Il. 2.582

264. Spring Hypereia

     Ὑπερείη traditional

     Named spring Strabo locates in the middle of Pherae itself, not a separate town.

     Tradition: Spring at Pherae, Thessaly, per Strabo 9.5.18

     Il. 2.734

265. Stratie

     Στρατίη speculative

     Paired with Rhipe and Enispe as a byword for an untraceable Homeric place already in antiquity.

     Tradition: Unlocated Arcadian town, grouped with Rhipe and Enispe by ancient scholars (Strabo 8.8.2); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.606

266. Stymphalus

     Στύμφηλος certain

     Northeast Arcadian city by its namesake lake, home of the mythical Stymphalian birds; excavated site survives.

     Il. 2.608

267. Styra

     Στύρα traditional

     South Euboean town between Carystus and Eretria; modern Nea Styra preserves the name nearby.

     Tradition: South Euboea near modern Nea Styra (Strabo 10.1.6)

     Il. 2.539

268. Styx

     Στύξ mythical

     River of the underworld by which the gods swear their most solemn oath; ancient tradition placed its earthly outlet at Nonacris in Arcadia.

     Tradition: Localized in antiquity at the waterfall of Nonacris, Arcadia, called Mavroneri (Herodotus 6.74; Paus. 8.17.6-18.6)

     Il. 2.755

269. Syme

     Σύμη certain

     Small Dodecanese island between Rhodes and the Carian coast; Nireus's kingdom, modern Symi.

     Il. 2.671

270. T

271. Tarphe

     Τάρφη traditional

     Wooded Locrian town, later called Pharygae per Strabo, near the modern Kalapodi sanctuary area.

     Tradition: Later renamed Pharygae, near modern Kalapodi/Mendenitsa, East Locris (Strabo 9.4.6)

     Il. 2.533

272. Tegea

     Τεγέη certain

     Major southeast Arcadian city; excavated sanctuary of Athena Alea near modern Tegea village.

     Il. 2.607

273. Tenedos

     Τένεδος certain

     Small island off the Trojan coast where the Achaean fleet hides to fake a withdrawal.

     Pleiades Il. 1.38Od. 3.159

274. Thaumacia

     Θαυμακίη speculative

     Small Magnesian coastal town in Philoctetes's realm; no confirmed modern site.

     Tradition: Magnesian coast of Thessaly, exact site unknown; Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.716

275. The washing-troughs

     πλυνοί traditional

     Twin springs, one hot and one cold, beside the road from Troy where Achilles runs down Hector; a fixture of the Trojan plain in the certain Hisarlik identification.

     Tradition: Beside Troy/Hisarlik, following the certain city identification

     Il. 22.147–156

276. Thebe (under Placus)

     Θήβη Ὑποπλακίη traditional

     Andromache's home city, sacked by Achilles, who kills her father Eetion. Strabo (13.1.65-70) places it near Adramyttium (modern Edremit).

     Tradition: Near Adramyttium (modern Edremit), Troad (Strabo 13.1.65-70)

     Il. 6.397Il. 1.366Il. 2.691

277. Thebes (Boeotia)

     Θήβη ἑπτάπυλος certain

     Seven-gated Boeotian city captured by the Epigoni; distinct from the Cilician Thebe of the Troad.

     Pleiades Il. 4.406

278. Thespiae

     Θέσπεια traditional

     Boeotian city under Mt Helicon; modern Thespies preserves the name over the excavated remains.

     Tradition: Identified with the excavated site near modern Thespies/Erimokastro, Boeotia (Paus. 9.26)

     Il. 2.498

279. Thesprotia

     Θεσπρωτοί certain

     Region of Epirus on the mainland; setting of several of Odysseus's false tales and home to King Pheidon.

     Pleiades Od. 14.315–316

280. Thisbe

     Θίσβη traditional

     "Many-doved" Boeotian town; modern Thisvi sits on/near the ancient site below Mt Helicon.

     Tradition: Modern village of Thisvi, Boeotia, preserves the ancient name (Paus. 9.32.2-3)

     Il. 2.502

281. Thrace

     Θρῄκη certain

     Region north of the Hellespont and Propontis; homeland of Acamas's and Peirous's contingent.

     Il. 2.844

282. Thrinacia

     Θρινακίη traditional

     Island of the Sun-god's cattle; the crew's slaughter of the sacred herd dooms them. Thucydides (6.2.2) connects the name to Sicily (Trinacria).

     Tradition: Sicily, whose ancient name Trinacria echoes Thrinacia (Thucydides 6.2.2)

     Od. 12.127

283. Thronium

     Θρόνιον traditional

     Locrian town on the Boagrius river's banks, capital-adjacent to Thermopylae's approach.

     Tradition: Near modern Kainourgio/Pikraki, East Locris, on the Boagrius (Strabo 9.4.4)

     Il. 2.533

284. Thryum

     Θρύον traditional

     Named as "the ford of Alpheius"; Strabo locates it in Triphylia near the river crossing.

     Tradition: The ford of the Alpheius in Triphylia, near modern Epitalio (Strabo 8.3.13)

     Il. 2.592

285. Thymbra

     Θύμβρη traditional

     District where the Trojans' Lycian and Mysian allies are posted; site of the later Thymbraion temple of Apollo. Strabo (13.1.35) places it at the Thymbrios-Scamander confluence.

     Tradition: Confluence of the Thymbrios and Scamander rivers (Strabo 13.1.35)

     Il. 10.430

286. Tiryns

     Τίρυνς certain

     Bronze Age citadel of the Argolid, famed for its Cyclopean walls; excavated by Schliemann from 1884.

     Il. 2.559

287. Titanus

     Τιτάνος speculative

     "White-peaked" hill Strabo describes as a mass of white earth near Asterium; unlocated precisely.

     Tradition: Thessaly, a hill of white chalky earth near Asterium (Strabo 9.5.18); Simpson–Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Iliad (1970)

     Il. 2.735

288. Titaressus (river)

     Τιταρησσός traditional

     River said to flow atop the Peneius without mixing, as an offshoot of the Styx; identified with the modern Xerias.

     Tradition: Tributary of the Peneius in northwest Thessaly, identified with the modern Xerias/Titarisios (Strabo 9.5.19-20)

     Il. 2.751

289. Tomb of Aepytus

     Αἰπύτιον mythical

     Landmark tomb of the legendary Arcadian king Aepytus; Pausanias reports a real tumulus was pointed out near Heraea.

     Tradition: A tumulus near Heraea, Arcadia, was shown as Aepytus's tomb in antiquity (Paus. 8.16.3)

     Il. 2.604

290. Trachis

     Τρηχίς traditional

     Town below Oeta later refounded as Spartan-colonized Heraclea Trachinia; site near modern Ypati.

     Tradition: Near modern Ypati at the foot of Mt Oeta, associated with Heraclea Trachinia (Strabo 9.4.13-17)

     Il. 2.682

291. Tricca

     Τρίκκη certain

     Thessalian city with the oldest sanctuary of Asclepius in Greek tradition; modern Trikala occupies the site.

     Il. 2.729

292. Troezen

     Τροιζήν certain

     Argolid city, Theseus's traditional birthplace; modern Troizina preserves the name.

     Il. 2.561

293. Troy (Ilios)

     Τροίη certain

     The besieged city; identified since Schliemann's 1870s excavations with the mound of Hisarlik in northwest Turkey.

     Pleiades Il. 1.129Od. 1.2

294. X

295. Xanthus (river, Lycia)

     Ξάνθος certain

     Chief river of Lycia, distinct from the Trojan river Scamander/Xanthus named elsewhere in the epic; the modern Eşen Çayı.

     Il. 2.877

296. Z

297. Zacynthus

     Ζάκυνθος certain

     Wooded island in Odysseus's kingdom, south of Cephallenia; modern Zakynthos.

     Pleiades Od. 9.24Od. 1.246Il. 2.634

298. Zeleia

     Ζέλεια traditional

     City under the foot of Ida on the Aesepus, home of Pandarus and his Trojan-allied archers. Strabo places it near the Aesepus valley.

     Tradition: Aesepus valley, near modern Sarıköy (Strabo 13.1.9)

     Pleiades Il. 2.824