ἄρα

ἄρα, Ep. ῥά (which is enclitic and used after monosyllables, ἦ, ὅς, γάρ, etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g. ἐπεί), before a consonant ἄρ (perh. cf. Lith. iȓ ‘andʼ): expressing consequence, then, or mere succession, there and then, and in many derived uses. A. EARLIER USAGE: to denote, I. immediate transition, there and then, straightway, ὣς φάτο βῆ δʼ ἄρʼ Ὄνειρος Il. 2.16: after a part., ὣς εἰπὼν κατʼ ἄρʼ ἕζετο 1.68, al.; πυθόμενος . . εἶπε ἄ. Hdt. 4.134, cf. 9.9; ἐρωτώσης τῆς μητρὸς ἀπεκρίνατο ἄρα X. Cyr. 1.3.2; with other Particles, δέ, ἦ, ὡς, etc., cf. ὁ δὲ Ἀστυάγης ἄ. εἶπεν ib.4.10: also after Advbs. of Time, τότε δή ῥα, τῆμος ἄρα, etc.; οὕτως ἄρα Pl. Phdr. 259b; often in apodosi, as αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ θηήσατο . . αὐτίκʼ ἄρʼ ἤλυθεν Od. 5.77; repeated τὼ μὲν ἄρʼ . . κεῖντο ἡ δʼ ἄρʼ . . ἀγόρευε Il. 21.426: in enumerations, e. g. in Homerʼs catalogue, then, next, οἱ δʼ ἄρʼ Ἀθήνας εἶχον 2.546; so in genealogies, Σίσυφος . . ὁ δʼ ἄ. Γλαῦκον τέκεθʼ υἱόν 6.154. 2. to draw attention, mark you! τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον . . τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχιλεὺς δʼ ἄρʼ ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἶος 24.456; with imper., ἀλλʼ ἄγε δὴ κατʼ ἄρʼ ἕζευ 24.522: to point a moral or general statement, φευγόντων δʼ οὔτʼ ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκή 5.532. II. connexion, such as, 1. that of antecedent and consequent, οἰνοχόει . . ἄσβεστος δʼ ἄρʼ ἐνῶρτο γέλως 1.599, cf. 24.507; τοὔνεκʼ ἄρʼ ἄλγεʼ ἔδωκε 1.96; freq. with οὕνεκα in protasi, 7.140, al.: also in questions, τίς τʼ ἄρ τῶν ὄχʼ ἄριστος ἔην; who then (say you) was . . ? 2.761: with demonstr. Pronoun in recapitulation, ἀλλʼ υἱὸν Πριάμοιο . . τόν ῥʼ Ὀδυσεὺς βάλε he it was, whom . . , 4.501: freq. in such phrases as ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας 2.35, al.; ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφη 1.584, al.; ἦ ῥα 3.355, al., thus, then he spoke.—This usage is universal in Greek. 2. explanation of that which precedes, χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα . . ἀπηύρων whom (and for this cause he was angry) they had taken away, 1.429; εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε . . φῆ ῥʼ ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν for he said, Od. 4.504: freq. with οὕνεκα; so with relatives, ἐκ δʼ ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρʼ ἤθελον αὐτοί the very one which . . , Il. 7.182. B. LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective than οὖν) , ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονία Arist. EN 1099a24; δῆλον ἄ. Id. Pol. 1295b33; in pseudo-syllogistic conclusions, Id. SE 174b11, Rh. 1401a3, al.: esp. by way of informal inference, as it seems, οὐκ ἄ. σοί γε πατὴρ ἦν Πηλεύς Il. 16.33; οὐδʼ ἄ. πως ἦν ἐν πάντεσσʼ ἔργοισι δαήμονα φῶτα γενέσθαι 23.670; μάτην ἄρʼ, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἥκομεν S. El. 772; οὕτω κοινόν τι ἄ. χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυά ἐστιν so true is it that . . , X. HG 7.1.32; πολὺ γὰρ ἀμείνων ἄ. ὁ τοῦ ἀδίκου ἢ ὁ τοῦ δικαίου βίος Pl. R. 358c; ἦν ἄ. πυρός γʼ ἕτερα . . θερμότερα Ar. Eq. 382; ὦ τλῆμον ἀρετή, λόγος ἄρʼ ἦσθα Trag.Adesp. 374; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, as οὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ. . . Pl. R. 375d; φαίνεται πρὸ ποδῶν ἡμῖν κυλινδεῖσθαι καὶ οὐχ ἑωρῶμεν ἄρʼ αὐτό ib.432d; εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο· ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι. . X. An. 2.2.3. 2. in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner, τίς ἄ. ῥύσεται; who is there to save ? A. Th. 92; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion, οἵαν ἄρʼ ἥβην . . ἀπώλεσεν what a band of youth was that . . ! Id. Pers. 733; so ὡς ἄρα ib.472, S. Fr. 577; τί μʼ ἄ. τί μʼ ὀλέκεις; Id. Ant. 1285; τί οὖν . . ἄ. X. Oec. 6.2; πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ., etc.; ἄ. alone, ἔζης ἄ. S. Fr. 686: esp. in ironical comments, Ar. Av. 476, 1371, etc. 3. epexegetic, namely, ἐρῶ, ὡς ἄ. . . Pl. Tht. 152d, cf. 156e. 4. for τοι ἄρα, τἄρα, v. sub τοι 11.2. 5. εἰ (or ἐάν) μὴ ἄ. unless perhaps, Pl. Ap. 38b, D. 58.4; separated from εἰ μή, Id. 9.20; with irony, εἰ μὴ ἄ. ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλεια διαφθορά ἐστιν X. Mem. 1.2.8. 6. in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition, ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσιν Th. 1.93, etc.; or simply, perhaps (sts. separated from εἰ) , εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ. . . ὑπελάμβανεν D. 21.8; εἴ τις ἰδίᾳ τινὰ δεδιὼς ἄ. ἀπρόθυμός ἐστιν Th. 4.86. C. IN CRASIS, freq. τἄρα, μεντἄρα, οὐτἄρα: also δήξομἄρα for δήξομαι ἄ., Ar. Ach. 325; οἰμώξετἄρα, κλαύσἄρα, Id. Th. 248, Pax 532: also in Trag., E. Hyps.Fr. 34.86. D. ἄρα never stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek (Arist. Mech. 851a22 is corrupt), but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in Ev.Matt. 12.28, Ep.Rom. 10.17, and first in a sentence, Ev.Luc. 11.48, Vett.Val. 305.20; in conclusion of syllogism, Herm. ap.Stob. 3.11.31.