διά

διά, poet. διαί (Aeol. ζά, q.v.), Prep. governing gen. and acc.— Rad. sense, A. through; never anastroph. [Prop. δῐᾰ: but Hom. uses ῑ at the beginning of a line, Il. 3.357, 4.135, al.: also ᾱ, metri gr., freq. in Hom., for which A. uses διαί in lyr., Ag. 448, al.] A. WITH GEN. I. of Place or Space: 1. of motion in a line, from one end to the other, right through, in Hom. freq. of the effect of weapons, διὰ μὲν ἀσπίδος ἦλθε . . ἔγχος καὶ διὰ θώρηκος . . Il. 3.357; δουρὶ βάλεν Δάμασον κυνέης διά 12.183; διʼ ὤμου . . ἔγχος ἦλθεν 4.481; in Prose, τιτρώσκειν διὰ τοῦ θώρακος X. An. 1.8.26; διὰ τοῦ ὀρόφου ἐφαίνετο πῦρ ib.7.4.16: also of persons, διὰ Σκαιῶν πεδίονδʼ ἔχον ὠκέας ἵππους out through the Scaean gate, Il. 3.263; διʼ ἠέρος αἰθέρʼ ἵκανεν quite through the lower air even to the ether, Il. 14.288, cf. 2.458; διὰ Τρώων πέτετο straight through them, 13.755; διʼ ὄμματος . . λείβων δάκρυον S. OC 1250, etc.: also in Compos. with πρό and ἐκ, v. διαπρό, διέκ: in adverbial phrases, διὰ πασῶν (sc. χορδῶν), v. διαπασῶν: διὰ πάσης throughout, Th. 1.14; διὰ κενῆς idly, Id. 4.126, etc. (cf. III.1.c). 2. of motion through a space, but not in a line, throughout, over, ἑπόμεσθα διὰ πεδίοιο Il. 11.754; διʼ ὄρεσφι 10.185, al.; ὀδύνη διὰ χροὸς ἦλθε through all his frame, 11.398; τεῦχε βοὴν διὰ ἄστεος Od. 10.118; διʼ ὁμίλου Il. 6.226, etc.; θορύβου διὰ τῶν τάξεων ἰόντος X. An. 1.8.16, cf. 2.4.26, etc.; later, in quoting an authority, ἱστορεῖ δ. τῆς δευτέρας in the course of . ., Ath. 10.438b. 3. in the midst of, Il. 9.468; κεῖτο τανυσσάμενος δ. μήλων Od. 9.298; between, δ. τῶν πλευρέων ταμόντα Hp. Morb. 2.61: hence, of pre-eminence, ἔπρεπε καὶ δ. πάντων Il. 12.104; τετίμακε διʼ ἀνθρώπων Pi. I. 4(3).37; εὐδοκιμέοντι δ. πάντων Hdt. 6.63, cf. 1.25, etc. 4. in Prose, sts. of extension, along, παρήκει δ. τῆσδε τῆς θαλάσσης ἡ ἀκτή Id. 4.39 (but πέταται δ. θαλάσσας across the sea, Pi. N. 6.48); λόφος, διʼ οὗ τὸ σταύρωμα περιεβέβληντο X. HG 7.4.22. 5. in Prose, of Intervals of Space, δ. τριήκοντα δόμων at intervals of thirty layers, i. e. after every thirtieth layer, Hdt. 1.179; δ. δέκα ἐπάλξεων at every tenth battlement, Th. 3.21; cf. infr. II.3: of a single interval, δ. πέντε σταδίων at a distance of five stades, Hdt. 7.30, cf. 198; δ. τοσούτου μᾶλλον ἢ δ. πολλῶν ἡμερῶν ὁδοῦ at so short a distance, etc., Th. 2.29; δ. πολλοῦ at a great distance apart, Id. 3.94; δ. πλείστου Id. 2.97; διʼ ἐλάσσονος Id. 3.51; ὕδατα δ. μακροῦ ἀλόμενα Hp. Aër. 9, etc. II. of Time, 1. of duration from one end of a period to the other, throughout, δ. παντὸς [τοῦ χρόνου] Hdt. 9.13; διʼ ὅλου τοῦ αἰῶνος Th. 1.70; διʼ αἰῶνος S. El. 1024; διʼ ἡμέρας ὅλης Ar. Pax 27; διʼ ὅλης τῆς νυκτός X. An. 4.2.4, etc.: without an Adj., διʼ ἡμέρης all day long, Hdt. 1.97; δ. νυκτός Th. 2.4, X. An. 4.6.22 (but δ. νυκτός in the course of the night, by night, Act.Ap. 5.19, PRyl. 138.15 (i A. D.), etc.); δ. νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας Pl. R. 343b; διʼ ἐνιαυτοῦ, διʼ ἔτους, Ar. Fr. 569.8, V. 1058; δ. βίου Pl. Smp. 183e, etc.; δ. τέλους from beginning to end, A. Pr. 275, Pl. R. 519c, etc.: with Adjs. alone, δ. παντός continually, A. Ch. 862 (lyr.), etc.; διʼ ὀλίγου for a short time, Th. 1.77; δ. μακροῦ E. Hec. 320; ὁ δ. μέσου χρόνος Hdt. 8.27. 2. of the interval which has passed between two points of Time, δ. χρόνου πολλοῦ or δ. πολλοῦ χρ. after a long time, Id. 3.27, Ar. Pl. 1045; δ. μακρῶν χρόνων Pl. Ti. 22d: without an Adj., δ. χρόνου after a time, S. Ph. 758, X. Cyr. 1.4.28, etc.; διʼ ἡμερῶν after several days, Ev.Marc. 2.1; and with Adjs. alone, διʼ ὀλίγου Th. 5.14; οὐ δ. μακροῦ Id. 6.15,91; δ. πολλοῦ Luc. Nigr. 2, etc.: with Numerals, διʼ ἐτέων εἴκοσι Hdt. 6.118, cf. OGI 56.38 (iii B. C.), etc.: but δ. τῆς ἑβδόμης till the seventh day, Luc. Hist.Conscr. 21: also distributively, χρόνος δ. χρόνου προὔβαινε time after time, S. Ph. 285; ἄλλος διʼ ἄλλου E. Andr. 1248. 3. of successive Intervals, δ. τρίτης ἡμέρης every other day, Hdt. 2.37; δ. τρίτου ἔτεος ib.4, etc.; δ. πεντετηρίδος every four years (with inclusive reckoning), Id. 3.97; διʼ ἔτους πέμπτου, of the Olympic games, Ar. Pl. 584 (but διʼ ἑνδεκάτου ἔτεος in the course of the eleventh year, Hdt. 1.62). III. causal, through, by, a. of the Agent, διʼ ἀλλέλων or -ου ἐπικηρυκεύεσθαι, ποιεῖσθαι, by the mouth of . ., Id. 1.69,6.4, cf. 1.113; διʼ ἑρμηνέως λέγειν X. An. 2.3.17, etc.; τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑπὸ Κυρίου δ. τοῦ προφήτου Ev.Matt. 1.22; διʼ ἑκόντων ἀλλʼ οὐ δ. βίας ποιεῖσθαι Pl. Phlb. 58b; πεσόντʼ ἀλλοτρίας διαὶ γυναικός by her doing, A. Ag. 448 (lyr.); ἐκ θεῶν γεγονὼς δ. βασιλέων πεφυκώς X. Cyr. 7.2.24; διʼ ἑαυτοῦ ποιεῖν τι of oneself, not by anotherʼs agency, ib.1.1.4, etc.; but also, by oneself alone, unassisted, D. 15.14, cf. 22.38. b. of the Instrument or Means, δ. χειρῶν by hand (prop. by holding between the hands), διʼ ὁσίων χ. θιγών S. OC 470; also δ. χερῶν λαβεῖν, δ. χειρὸς ἔχειν in the hand, Id. Ant. 916, 1258 (but τὰ τῶν ξυμμάχων δ. χειρὸς ἔχειν to keep a firm hand on, Th. 2.13); δ. στέρνων ἔχειν S. Ant. 639; ἡ ἀκούουσα πηγὴ διʼ ὤτων Id. OT 1387; δ. στόματος ἔχειν X. Cyr. 1.4.25; δ. μνήμης ἔχειν Luc. Cat. 9; αἱ δ. τοῦ σώματος ἡδοναί X. Mem. 1.5.6; δ. λόγων συγγίγνεσθαι to hold intercourse by word, Pl. Plt. 272b; δ. λόγου ἀπαγγέλλειν Act.Ap. 15.27; διʼ ἐπιστολῶν 2 Ep.Cor. 10.9, POxy. 1070.15 (iii A. D.). c. of Manner (where διά with its Noun freq. serves as an Adv.), δ. μέθης ποιήσασθαι τὴν συνουσίαν Pl. Smp. 176e; παίω διʼ ὀργῆς through passion, in passion, S. OT 807; δ. τάχους, = ταχέως, Id. Aj. 822, Th. 1.63 (but δ. ταχέων ib.80, al.); δ. σπουδῆς in haste, hastily, E. Ba. 212; διʼ αἰδοῦς with reverence, respectfully, ib.441; δ. ψευδῶν ἔπη lying words, Id. Hel. 309; αἱ δ. καρτερίας ἐπιμέλειαι long-continued exertions, X. Mem. 2.1.20; διʼ ἀκριβείας, δ. πάσης ἀκρ., Pl. Ti. 23d, Lg. 876c; δ. σιγῆς Id. Grg. 450c; δ. ξυμφορῶν ἡ ξύμβασις ἐγένετο Th. 6.10; οὐ διʼ αἰνιγμάτων, ἀλλʼ ἐναργῶς γέγραπται Aeschin. 3.121; διʼ αἵματος, οὐ δ. μέλανος τοὺς νόμους ὁ Δράκων ἔγραψεν Plu. Sol. 17: also with Adjs., δ. βραχέων, δ. μακρῶν τοὺς λόγους ποιεῖσθαι, Isoc. 14.3, Pl. Grg. 449b; ἀποκρίνεσθαι δ. βραχυτάτων ibid. d; cf. infr. IV. 2. in later Prose, of Material out of which a thing is made, κατασκευάζειν εἴδωλα διʼ ἐλέφαντος καὶ χρυσοῦ D.S. 17.115; θυσίαι διʼ ἀλφίτου καὶ σπονδῆς πεποιημέναι Plu. Num. 8; βρώματα δ. μέλιτος καὶ γάλακτος γιγνόμενα Ath. 14.646e; οἶνος δ. βουνίου Dsc. 5.46. IV. διά τινος ἔχειν, εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι, to express conditions or states, ἀγὼν διὰ πάσης ἀγωνίης ἔχων extending through every kind of contest, Hdt. 2.91; διʼ ἡσυχίης εἶναι Id. 1.206; διʼ ὄχλου εἶναι to be troublesome, Ar. Ec. 888; δ. φόβου εἶναι Th. 6.59; διʼ ἀπεχθείας γίγνεσθαι X. Hier. 9.2; ἡ ἐπιμέλεια δ. χάριτος γίγνεται ibid.; δ. μιᾶς γνώμης γίγνεσθαι Isoc. 4.138. b. with Verbs of motion, δ. μάχης ἐλεύσονται will engage in battle, Hdt. 6.9; ἐλθεῖν Th. 4.92; δ. παντὸς πολέμου, δ. φιλίας ἰέναι τινί, X. An. 3.2.8; δ. δίκης ἰέναι τινί go to law with . ., S. Ant. 742, cf. Th. 6.60; δ. τύχης ἰέναι S. OT 773; διʼ ὀργῆς ἥκειν Id. OC 905; ἐμαυτῷ δ. λόγων ἀφικόμην I held converse with myself, E. Med. 872; δ. λόγων, δ. γλώσσης ἰέναι come to open speech, Id. Tr. 916, Supp. 112; δ. φιλημάτων ἰέναι come to kissing, Id. Andr. 416; δ. δικαιοσύνης ἰέναι καὶ σωφροσύνης Pl. Prt. 323a, etc.; δ. πυρὸς ἰέναι (v. πῦρ): in pass. sense, διʼ ἀπεχθείας ἐλθεῖν τινι to be hated by . ., A. Pr. 121 (anap.). c. with trans. Verbs, διʼ αἰτίας ἔχειν or ἄγειν τινά hold in fault, Th. 2.60, Ael. VH 9.32; διʼ ὀργῆς ἔχειν τινά Th. 2.37, etc.; δ. φυλακῆς ἔχειν τι Id. 7.8; διʼ οἴκτου ἔχειν τινά, διʼ αἰσχύνης ἔχειν τι, E. Hec. 851, IT 683; δ. πένθους τὸ γῆρας διάγειν X. Cyr. 4.6.6; διʼ οὐδενὸς ποιεῖσθαί τι S. OC 584. B. WITH Acc. I. of Place, only Poet., in same sense as διά c. gen.: 1. through, ἓξ δὲ δ. πτύχας ἦλθε . . χαλκός Il. 7.247; ἤϊξε δ. δρυμὰ . . καὶ ὕλην 11.118, cf. 23.122, etc.; δ. τάφρον ἐλαύνειν across it, 12.62; δ. δώματα ποιπνύοντα 1.600; ἐπὶ χθόνα καὶ δ. πόντον βέβακεν Pi. I. 4(3).41; φεύγειν δ. κῦμʼ ἅλιον A. Supp. 14 (anap.). 2. through, among, in, οἴκεον διʼ ἄκριας Od. 9.400; ἄραβος δὲ δ. στόμα γίγνετʼ ὀδόντων Il. 10.375 (but μῦθον, ὃν . . δ. στόμα . . ἄγοιτο through his mouth, 14.91; so δ. στόμα ὄσσαν ἱεῖσαι Hes. Th. 65; ἀεὶ γὰρ ἡ γυνή σʼ ἔχει δ. στόμα Ar. Lys. 855); δ. κρατερὰς ὑσμίνας Hes. Th. 631; νόμοι διʼ αἰθέρα τεκνωθέντες S. OT 867 (lyr.). II. of Time, also Poet., δ. νύκτα Il. 2.57, etc.; δ. γλυκὺν ὕπνον during sweet sleep, Mosch. 4.91. III. causal: 1. of persons, thanks to, by aid of, νικῆσαι δ . . . Ἀθήνην Od. 8.520, cf. 13.121; δ. δμῳὰς . . εἷλον 19.154; δ. σε by thy fault or service, S. OC 1129, Ar. Pl. 145, cf. 160,170: in Prose, by reason of, on account of, δʼ ἡμᾶς Th. 1.41, cf. X. An. 7.6.33, D. 18.249; οὐ διʼ ἐμαυτόν And. 1.144; so εἰ μὴ διά τινα if it had not been for . ., εἰ μὴ διʼ ἄνδρας ἀγαθούς Lys. 12.60; Μιλτιάδην εἰς τὸ βάραθρον ἐμβαλεῖν ἐψηφίσαντο, καὶ εἰ μὴ δ. τὸν πρύτανιν ἐνέπεσεν ἄν Pl. Grg. 516e, cf. D. 19.74; εἰ μὴ δ. τὴν ἐκείνου μέλλησιν Th. 2.18, cf. Ar. V. 558; πλέονʼ ἔλπομαι λόγον Ὀδυσσέος ἢ πάθαν γενέσθαι διʼ Ὅμηρον Pi. N. 7.21. 2. of things, to express the Cause, Occasion, or Purpose, διʼ ἐμὴν ἰότητα because of my will, Il. 15.41; Διὸς μεγάλου δ. βουλάς Od. 8.82; διʼ ἀφραδίας for, through want of thought, 19.523; διʼ ἀτασθαλίας 23.67; διʼ ἔνδειαν by reason of poverty, X. An. 7.8.6; δ. καῦμα, δ. χειμῶνα, ib.1.7.6; διʼ ἄγνοιαν καὶ ἀμαθίαν Pl. Prt. 360b, etc.: freq. also with neut. Adjs., δ. τί; wherefore?; δ. τοῦτο, δ. ταῦτα on this account; διʼ ὅ, διʼ ἅ on which account; δ. πολλά for many reasons, etc. 3. = ἕνεκα, to express Purpose, δἰ ἀχθηδόνα for the sake of vexing, Th. 4.40, cf. 5.53; δ. τὴν τούτου σαφήνειαν with a view to clearing this up, Pl. R. 524c, cf. Arist. EN 1172b21; αὐτή διʼ αὑτήν for its own sake, Pl. R. 367b, etc. C. WITHOUT CASE as Adv. throughout, δ. πρό (v. supr. A.I.I); δ. δʼ ἀμπερές Il. 11.377. D. IN COMPOS.: I. through, right through, of Space, διαβαίνω, διέχω, διιππεύω. II. in different directions, as in διαπέμπω, διαφορέω; of separation, asunder, διαιρέω, διαλύω; of difference or disagreement, at variance, διαφωνέω, διαφέρω; or simply mutual relation, one with another, διαγωνίζομαι, διάδω, διαθέω, διαπίνω, διαφιλοτιμέομαι. III. pre-eminence, διαπρέπω, διαφέρω. IV. completion, to the end, utterly, διεργάζομαι, διαμάχομαι, διαπράττω, διαφθείρω: of Time, διαβιόω. V. to add strength, thoroughly, out and out, διαγαληνίζω, etc.; cf. ζά. VI. of mixture, between, partly, esp. in Adj., as διάλευκος, διάχρυσος, διάχλωρος, etc. VII. of leaving an interval or breach, διαλείπω, διαναπαύω. (Cogn. with δύο, δίς.)